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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substrate dependent larval development and emergence of the mushroom pests Lycoriella auripila and Megaselia halterata (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 329-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sciarids ; phorids ; mushroom compost ; casing soil ; Agaricus bisporus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pasteurized, spawned, full-grown and immediately-cased full-grown compost were simultaneously exposed to natural populations of the mushroom pests Lycoriella auripila (Winnertz) (Diptera: Sciaridae) and Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera: Phoridae). Different numbers of adults emerged from each of these composts. Highest numbers of L. auripila emerged from spawned and pasteurized compost whereas lowest numbers of L. auripila emerged from full-grown compost. the emergence from full-grown compost was delayed, which could be explained by the delayed development of the larvae in this type of compost. High numbers of M. halterata emerged from compost that was completely colonized by the mycelia of the edible white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. The immediate covering of the compost with a casing layer significantly lowered the numbers of emerging M. halterata flies. Compared with the emergence pattern from full-grown and immediately-cased full-grown compost, adult M. halterata showed a delayed pattern of emergence in spawned compost. Adult M. halterata did not emerge from pasteurized compost. The results of these experiments enabled us to improve the timing of the application of insect pathogenic nematodes in the control of the larvae of both insect pests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186291
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Location of immature stages of the mushroom insect pest Megaselia halterata in mushroom-growing medium (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 323-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Agaricus bisporus ; sciarid flies ; Lycoriella auripila ; phorid flies ; Megaselia halterata ; biological control ; insect pathogenic nematodes ; Steinernema feltiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to examine the location of oviposition by the phorid fly Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera: Phoridae) in uncased and cased compost. Clearly, a majority of the gravid females choose oviposition sites directly after entering the top layer of the compost. In uncased compost, 60% of all adults emerged from the top of four compost layers of equal thickness. When the compost was covered by a casing layer which was still uncolonized by Agaricus bisporus, oviposition was further concentrated in the top compost layer. In this situation, 91% of all adults emerged from the top compost layer whereas only 1.5% emerged from the casing. When the casing layer was colonized by mushroom mycelium, 45% of all adults emerged from the casing layer and 53% emerged from the top compost layer. Further concentration in the top compost layer and the casing layer occurred as a result of upward migration of larvae. When compost was cased after oviposition, up to 43% of all adults emerged from the casing layer. We concluded that in the control of phorid infestations with insect pathogenic nematodes, applications in uncased compost can be restricted to the upper compost layer. When compost and casing are filled simultaneously, nematode applications in the casing layer only could be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002998916843
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boekbesprekingen (1973)
    Springer
    De economist 121 (1973), S. 68-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9982
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02367200
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Susceptibility of larvae of the mushroom fly Megaselia halterata to the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae in bioassays (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 201-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biocontrol ; Heterorhabditis ; Lycoriella auripila ; phorids ; sciarids ; sex ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bioassays were initially conducted in Petri-dishes to screen the efficacy of four Heterorhabiditis and Steinernema species against the mushroom phorid Megaselia halterata. Control rates of 61 to 70% control were obtained at a dosage of 1500 infective juveniles (IJs) per 30 larvae. In order to avoid stress-induced susceptibility, an improved bioassay system in micro-wells, filled with 0.6 ml of compost agar and 0.2 of compost colonized by Agaricus bisporus, was developed. In a screening of different species of Heterorhabiditis and Steinernema with applications of 30 IJs per phorid larva, a highest parasitization rate of 20% was obtained with S. feltiae. Bioassays were continued with S. feltiae in dosage-mortality assays in which larvae of the sciarid Lycoriella auripila and the phorid M. halterata were challenged. At the lowest dosage of 30 IJs per sciarid larva, 78% control was obtained. Increasing the dosage from 30 to 1000 led to only small increases of the phorid mortality. At 1000 IJs per larva a significant mortality of 18% was obtained. The nature of the substrate, compost or casing did not greatly influence the parasitization rates. The sex ratio of nematodes that were able to penetrate and establish in the phorid larvae appeared to be female-skewed. Males were only present at a mean of 19%. Low susceptibility of the phorid larva was ascribed to the inaccessibility of its small mouth opening.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009954401065
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High energy X-ray spectrum of her X-1 (1981)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 30 (1981), S. 325-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary On May 8, 1980, we conducted a 90 minute observation on hard X-ray emission (15-200 keV) from Her X-1, using a large area (∼ 1500 cm2), low background balloon borne X-ray telescope. The energy resolution of the telescope was ∼ 17% FWHM at 60 keV. Her X-1 was at binary phase 0.0725 and 2.7 ± 0.5 days after turn on in the 35 day cycle. Average pulsation light curves were obtained by sorting data into 25 equal bins, according to pulse arrival time, modulo the 1.24 sec pulsation period. The width of the main pulse is energy dependent and in the 45–75 keV region about 30% smaller than in the range from 15 to 30 keV. The data have been analyzed by taking the Her X-1 pulse minus background spectrum, where the pulse count rate is defined in a pulse phase interval around the pulse maximum of the 1.24 sec period. The background spectrum was intermittently obtained by a chopping collimator system. A spectral feature is present in emission at an energy of 49.5 (+ 1.5, -3) keV and a FWHM of 18 (+ 6, -3) keV and in absorption at an energy of 29.5 (+ 1.7, -1.5) keV and a FWHM of 17.0 (+ 2.6, -2.8) keV. The intensity of this line feature in emission is (1.8 ± 0.4) photons/cm sec. The line excess in emission over the continuum (with kT = 6.75 (+ 0.2, -0.4) keV) is ∼ 7σ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01246038
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How contact foraging experiences affect preferences for host-related odors in the larval parasitoidCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1577-1589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; host-finding ; semiochemicals ; conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Responses of individual females of the parasitoidCotesia marginiventris to the odors of four different complexes of host larvae feeding on leaves were observed in a four-arm olfactometer. The plant-host complexes were composed of fall armyworm (FAW) larvae or cabbage looper (CL) larvae feeding on either corn or cotton seedlings. Prior to testing, each female was given a brief foraging experience on a plant-host complex and was then exposed to the odors of the same complex in the olfactometer. The experienced females responded to familiar odors in a dose-related manner, and these responses were virtually identical to all four complexes. Preferences for the odors of one of two plant-host complexes were tested in dual choice situations. Generally, FAW odors were preferred over CL odors and corn odors over cotton odors. A short foraging experience significantly affected the females' odor preferences in favor of the odors released by the experienced complex. Additional experiments revealed that neither longer bouts of experience nor bouts that included ovipositions resulted in a stronger change in preference. Experience affected preference in combinations where only the host species was varied as well as in combinations where only the plant species was varied. The results, therefore, strongly indicate that both the plants and the hosts somehow are involved in the production and/or release of the semiochemicals that attractC. marginiventris.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014091
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  • 7
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    Atmospheric processes governing the changes in water isotopologues during ENSO events from model and satellite measurements (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-19
    Description: ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) has profound effects on the global water cycle, which can be examined at the process level by investigating the associated water isotopologues. Many isotope-based studies are aimed at understanding ENSO variability in the tropics, however focusing principally on near-surface processes and isotopologue signals. The goal of the present study is to investigate the atmospheric processes governing the changes in the isotopic composition of water vapor both near the surface and at mid troposphere in the Pacific region during ENSO events, using a combination of remote sensing data and model simulations. For the lower atmosphere (i.e., 1000 hPa), our results show that rainout processes, less rain re-evaporation offalling droplets, and increase of convective updrafts and diffusive exchange within the convective systems, contribute to “the isotope amount effect” and isotopically deplete the water vapor during wet conditions, in agreement with previous studies. However, we find that the ENSO associated isotopic signal in the mid troposphere (i.e., 500 hPa) diverges from the near-surface response. Analysis suggests that transport of enriched water vapor from lower atmospheric layers through convective updrafts controls the enrichment of mid tropospheric water vapor over the Pacific Ocean. In the observations, a strong positive correlation between the increase of convective precipitation and the isotopic composition of water vapor clearly points to such a mechanism (R of 0.7-0.8 in the Central Pacific and 0.5-0.6 in the West Pacific). Model results confirm this mechanisms though producing slightly lower correlation values, with R values of 0.6 in the Central Pacific and 0.5 in the West Pacific. However, the distinction between convective and stratiform precipitation remains a result of model dependent parameterization. Our analysis suggests that two issues should be investigated in more detail in further studies: 1) the equilibrium and dis-equilibrium between rain droplets and surrounding vapor for convective and stratiform precipitation and 2) different convection schemes in the different isotopic GCMs describing the triggering of convection and uplift of lower layer air to higher layers. Ideally such a comparison of different isotopic GCMs can provide us with an interesting benchmark test for the performance of the different convection schemes during ENSO, and can help to disentangle the importance of the different processes contributing to the amount effect.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Comparison of CH4 inversions based on 15 months of GOSAT and SCIAMACHY observations (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-06
    Description: [1]  Over the past decade the development of SCIAMACHY retrievals has increased the interest in the use of satellite measurements for studying the global sources and sinks of methane. Meanwhile measurements are becoming available from the more advanced GOSAT. The aim of this study is to investigate the application of GOSAT retrievals to inverse modelling, for which we make use of the TM5-4DVAR inverse modelling framework. Inverse modelling calculations are performed using data from two different retrieval approaches: a full physics [ Butz et al ., 2011; Schepers et al ., 2012] and a lightpath proxy ratio method [ Frankenberg et al ., 2005a; Butz et al ., 2011; Schepers et al ., 2012]. The performance of these inversions is analyzed in comparison with inversions using SCIAMACHY retrievals and measurements from the NOAA-ESRL flask-sampling network. In addition, we compare the inversion results against independent surface, aircraft and total-column measurements. Inversions with GOSAT data show good agreement with surface measurements, whereas for SCIAMACHY a similar performance can only be achieved after significant bias corrections. Some inconsistencies between surface and total column methane remain in the Southern Hemisphere. However, comparisons with measurements from the TCCON in-situ FTS network indicate that those may be caused by systematic model errors rather than by shortcomings in the GOSAT retrievals. The global patterns of methane emissions derived from SCIAMACHY (with bias correction) and GOSAT retrievals are in remarkable agreement and allow an increased resolution of tropical emissions. The satellite inversions increase tropical methane emission by 30 to 60 TgCH 4 /yr compared to initial a priori estimates, partly counterbalanced by reductions in emissions at mid to high latitudes.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Asian monsoon hydrometeorology from TES and SCIAMACHY water vapor isotope measurements and LMDZ simulations: Implications for speleothem climate record interpretation (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-14
    Description: Observations show that heavy oxygen isotope composition in precipitation (δ18Op) increases from coastal southeastern (SE) China to interior northwestern (NW) China during the wet season, contradicting expectations from simple Rayleigh distillation theory. Here we employ stable isotopes of precipitation and vapor from satellite measurements and climate model simulations to characterize the moisture processes that control Asian monsoon precipitation and relate these processes to speleothem paleoclimate records. We find that δ18Op is low over SE China as a result of local and upstream condensation and that δ18Op is high over NW China because of evaporative enrichment of 18O as raindrops fall through dry air. We show that δ18Op at cave sites over southern China is weakly correlated with upstream precipitation in the core of the Indian monsoon region rather than local precipitation, but it is well-correlated with the δ18Op over large areas of southern and central China, consistent with coherent speleothem δ18Op variations over different parts of China. Previous studies have documented high correlations between speleothem δ18Op and millennial timescale climate forcings, and we suggest that the high correlation between insolation and speleothem δ18Op in southern China reflects the variations of hydrologic processes over the Indian monsoon region on millennial and orbital timescales. The δ18Op in the drier part (north of ∼30°N) of China, on the other hand, has consistently negative correlations with local precipitation and may capture local hydrologic processes related to changes in the extent of the Hadley circulation.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Atmospheric CH4 in the first decade of the 21st century: Inverse modeling analysis using SCIAMACHY satellite retrievals and NOAA surface measurements (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-12
    Description: [1]  The causes of renewed growth in the atmospheric CH 4 burden since 2007 are still poorly understood and the subject of intensive scientific discussion. Here, we present a reanalysis of global CH 4 emissions during the 2000s, based on the TM5-4DVAR inverse modeling system. We use high-accuracy surface observations from the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory global cooperative air sampling network for 2000–2010, together with retrievals of column-averaged CH 4 mole fractions from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instrument onboard ENVISAT from 2003 onwards. [2]  Using climatological OH fields, derived global total emissions for 2007–2010 are 16–20 Tg CH 4 /yr higher than for 2003–2005. Most of the inferred increase was located in the tropics (9–14 Tg CH 4 /yr) and mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere (6–8 Tg CH 4 /yr), while no significant trend was derived for Arctic latitudes. The atmospheric increase can be attributed mainly to an increase of anthropogenic emissions. However, the derived trend in anthropogenic emissions is significantly smaller than the one estimated in the EDGARv4.2 emission inventory. Superimposed on the increasing trend in anthropogenic CH 4 emissions are significant inter-annual variations (IAV) of CH 4 emissions from wetlands (up to ±10 Tg CH 4 /yr), and biomass burning (up to ±7 Tg CH 4 /yr). [3]  Various sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate the impact of the SCIAMACHY observations (compared to inversions using only surface observations), of the OH fields used, and of a priori emission inventories on the derived CH 4 emission trends and their inter-annual variability. Despite significant differences among these sensitivity experiments in their latitudinal attribution of IAV of CH 4 emissions, they show a reasonably consistent picture regarding the IAV aggregated on larger latitude bands. Furthermore, all sensitivity experiments show very similar performance against a comprehensive independent dataset of observations used for validation, including NOAA ship and aircraft profile samples, HIPPO aircraft transects, and CARIBIC aircraft data. Comparison of model simulations with BARCA aircraft measurements, however, show significantly better agreement in the free troposphere over the Amazon for the inversions using the SCIAMACHY and NOAA surface observations compared to inversions using only the surface observations, demonstrating the usefulness of the satellite measurements to better constrain tropical CH 4 emissions.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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