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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses as biological control agents ofSpodoptera exigua [Lep.: Noctuidae] (1988)
    Springer
    BioControl 33 (1988), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Spodoptera exigua ; nuclear polyhedrosis virus ; biological control ; identification ; biological activity ; Spodoptera exigua ; Virus à polyèdres nucléaires ; lutte biologique ; identification ; activité biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La virulence de 5 virus à polyèdres nucléaires à capside multiple (MNPV) contre les chenilles deSpodoptera exigua a été comparée. Trois NPV ont été isolés de chenilles mortes, trouvées dans des serres aux Pays-Bas. A partir des analyses de DNA par des enzymes de restriction il est conclu que ces 3 NPV sont apparentés aux MNPV deMamestra brassicae et sont nommés MbMNPV-NL80, MbMNPV-NL82 et MbNPV-NL83. Ces MNPVs ne sont pas apparentés au MNPV d'Autographa california (AcMNPV), ni à celui deS. exigua (SeMNPV). SeMNPV est environ 5 fois plus virulent contre les chenilles du 2e stade larvaire deS. exigua que les autres MNPV qui ont des activité biologiques comparables entre elles. Les DL-50 de SeMNPV, AcMNPV, MbMNPV-NL80, NL82 et NL83 sont 3, 18, 26, 14 et 17 polyèdres, respectivement. On en conclut que le SeMNPV est le meilleur candidat pour l'utilisation dans un programme de lutte biologique contreS. exigua dans des serres aux Pays-Bas.
    Notes: Abstract The virulence of 5 nuclear polyhedrosis viruses infectious for larvae of beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua, was studied and their potential as biological control agents of this accidentally introduced pest in Dutch greenhouse crops is discussed. Three of the virus isolates were collected from deceased beet armyworm larvae found in Dutch greenhouses. Based on restriction endonuclease patterns of their DNA they appeared to be closely related toMamestra brassicae nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MbMNPV) and therefore were named MbMNPV-NL80, MbMNPV-NL82 and MbMNPV-NL83. These isolates were not related toAutographa californica MNPV (AcMNPV) or toSpodoptera exigua MNPV (SeMNPV), both originating from the USA. Comparison of the oiological activity of these 5 isolates showed that the SeMNPV was more virulent against beet armyworm than the other isolates. There was no significant difference in virulence between MbMNPV-NL80, NL82, NL83 and AcMNPV forS. exigua. The LD-50 values of the 5 isolates for 2nd instar larvae were 3, 26, 14, 17 and 18 polyhedra, respectively. Despite compensating qualities of the other MNPVs, such as a broader host range and potential production in alternate hosts or cell-lines, SeMNPV is considered to be the most suitable candidate as biological control agent of beet armyworm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372619
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection of insect parasitic nematodes for biological control of the garden chafer,Phyllopertha horticola (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heterorhabditis ; Steinernema ; Phyllopertha ; biological control ; insect parasitic nematodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae ofPhyllopertha horticola L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) cause increasing problems on sports fields and lawns in NW-Europe. A biological control programme using insect parasitic nematodes is being developed. This paper contains the results of bioassays with various species and isolates of the nematode generaHeterorhabditis andSteinernema. In bioassays in small pots with moist sand, most of the nematode isolates gave 30–60% mortality against each of the three larval stages. The susceptibility of the grubs for nematode infection generally increased with larval development.H. bacteriophora, H. heliothidis, H. megidis, a DutchHeterorhabditis isolate NLH-E87.3 andS. glaseri 326 showed the highest mortality rates, with nearly 100% mortality of third instar grubs. The DutchHeterorhabditis isolate NLH-E87.3 andS. glaseri 326 were selected as candidates for further studies on their potential as biological control agents forP. horticola grubs in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380633
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substrate dependent larval development and emergence of the mushroom pests Lycoriella auripila and Megaselia halterata (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 329-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sciarids ; phorids ; mushroom compost ; casing soil ; Agaricus bisporus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pasteurized, spawned, full-grown and immediately-cased full-grown compost were simultaneously exposed to natural populations of the mushroom pests Lycoriella auripila (Winnertz) (Diptera: Sciaridae) and Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera: Phoridae). Different numbers of adults emerged from each of these composts. Highest numbers of L. auripila emerged from spawned and pasteurized compost whereas lowest numbers of L. auripila emerged from full-grown compost. the emergence from full-grown compost was delayed, which could be explained by the delayed development of the larvae in this type of compost. High numbers of M. halterata emerged from compost that was completely colonized by the mycelia of the edible white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. The immediate covering of the compost with a casing layer significantly lowered the numbers of emerging M. halterata flies. Compared with the emergence pattern from full-grown and immediately-cased full-grown compost, adult M. halterata showed a delayed pattern of emergence in spawned compost. Adult M. halterata did not emerge from pasteurized compost. The results of these experiments enabled us to improve the timing of the application of insect pathogenic nematodes in the control of the larvae of both insect pests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186291
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Location of immature stages of the mushroom insect pest Megaselia halterata in mushroom-growing medium (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 323-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Agaricus bisporus ; sciarid flies ; Lycoriella auripila ; phorid flies ; Megaselia halterata ; biological control ; insect pathogenic nematodes ; Steinernema feltiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to examine the location of oviposition by the phorid fly Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera: Phoridae) in uncased and cased compost. Clearly, a majority of the gravid females choose oviposition sites directly after entering the top layer of the compost. In uncased compost, 60% of all adults emerged from the top of four compost layers of equal thickness. When the compost was covered by a casing layer which was still uncolonized by Agaricus bisporus, oviposition was further concentrated in the top compost layer. In this situation, 91% of all adults emerged from the top compost layer whereas only 1.5% emerged from the casing. When the casing layer was colonized by mushroom mycelium, 45% of all adults emerged from the casing layer and 53% emerged from the top compost layer. Further concentration in the top compost layer and the casing layer occurred as a result of upward migration of larvae. When compost was cased after oviposition, up to 43% of all adults emerged from the casing layer. We concluded that in the control of phorid infestations with insect pathogenic nematodes, applications in uncased compost can be restricted to the upper compost layer. When compost and casing are filled simultaneously, nematode applications in the casing layer only could be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002998916843
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear polyhedrosis virus for control of Spodoptera exigua larvae on glasshouse crops (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: nuclear polyhedrosis virus ; Spodoptera exigua ; beet armyworm ; biological control ; Noctuidae ; glasshouse crops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les résultats d'applications d'un virus de la polyédrose nucléaire contre des populations de chenilles de Spodoptera exigua sont examinés dans des chrysanthèmes, gerberas, kalanchoës et tomates. Une dose de 1×108 PIBs/m2 résulte à 95–100% mortalité larvale dans tous les végétaux. L'effet sur chemilles de première et seconde stade larvale et sur chenilles de troisième et quatrième stade larvale était pareille. Malgré le niveau élevé du mortalité larvale les végéteaux étaient damagés sérieusement, particulièrement quand le virus était appliqué contre des chenilles de troisième et quatrième stade larvale. Comparée avec des pesticides chimiques, méthomyl et diflubenzuron, applications de virus résultent à un mortalité larvale plus haute. Le conclusion était que le virus est un candidat sérieus pour l'utilisation dans le lutte biologique contre les chenilles de S. exigua dans des serres en Pays Bas.
    Notes: Abstract the efficacy of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus, SeNPV, for controlling larval populations of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae) was studied in chrysanthemum, gerbera, kalanchoë and tomato crops in glasshouses. Applications of 1×108 PIBs/m2 on the various crops resulted in 95–100% larval mortality. Virus applications caused comparable levels of mortality in populations of early and late instar larvae. Reduction in feeding damage to the crops, however, was more pronounced when the larvae were early instars at the time of virus application. Single applications with the virus resulted in higher levels of larval mortality as double applications with 0.1% methomyl and diflubenzuron. The virus appears to be a potential control agent for the beet armyworm in Dutch glasshouses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350378
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding and dispersion of Spodoptera exigua larvae and its relevance for control with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Spodoptera exigua ; beet armyworm ; Noctuidae ; larval behaviour ; glasshouse crops ; nuclear polyhedrosis virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La consommation et la dispersion des chenilles de Spodoptera exigua sont examinées sur chrysanthèmes et tomates de serre. Les adults déposent les oeufs généralement au feuilles près du sol. Apres l'éclosion les chenilles graduellement se mouvent en haute dans les chrysanthèmes et consomment principalement les feuilles les plus hautes. Dans tomate, cependant, les chenilles s'alimentent principalement au feuilles près du sol. Pendant leur dévelopment les chenilles originaires d'une seule pond de 35 oeufs peuvent endommager environ go petits ou so hautes crysanthè mes. Jusqu'à la quatrième stade larvale les chenilles s'alimentent principalement avec le surface inférieure des feuilles, sans consommer l'épiderme supérieure. Les cinq stades larvales contribuent respectivement 0,1, 0,4, 4, 20 et 75% a la consommation totale des feuilles de chrysanthème. Les resultats des expériments sur la conduite larvale suggestent que les viruses de la polyédrose nucléaire doivent être appliqués préférablement sur la face inférieure des feuilles bas de chrysanthème et de tomate avant que les chenilles se développent a la troisième stade larvale. Quand les larves sur chrysanthèmes sont déja dans le troisième stade larvale, application du virus sur les feuilles plus haute probablement donnait des resultats optimal.
    Notes: Abstract On chrysanthemum crops the larvae of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lep.: Noctuidae) moved upwards to the top of plants after hatching and predominantly fed on the upper foliage layers. On tomato, however, the larvae did not move upwards and mainly fed on the lower leaves. On chrysanthemums up to the fourth instar most feeding occurred at the underside of foliage while the upper-epidermis remained intact. Larvae dispersing from a single egg batch of 35 eggs damaged about 90 small and 50 tall chrysanthemum plants during their development. The successive larval stages contributed respectively 0.1, 0.4, 4, 20 and 75 percent to the total foliage consumption. The results indicated that the virus preferably should be applied to the lower leaves of tomatoes and chrysanthemums when young instars are present, but to the upper-middle and top leaves of chrysanthemums when the larvae are older than second instars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350377
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  • 7
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    Novel deoxycytidine kinase gene polymorphisms: a population screening study in Caucasian healthy volunteers (2006)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Print ISSN: 0031-6970
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1041
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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