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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
    Description: Persistent adaptive challenges are often met with the evolution of novel physiological traits. Although there are specific examples of single genes providing new physiological functions, studies on the origin of complex organ functions are lacking. One such derived set of complex functions is found in the Lepidopteran bursa copulatrix, an organ within the female reproductive tract that digests nutrients from the male ejaculate or spermatophore. Here, we characterized bursa physiology and the evolutionary mechanisms by which it was equipped with digestive and absorptive functionality. By studying the transcriptome of the bursa and eight other tissues, we revealed a suite of highly expressed and secreted gene products providing the bursa with a combination of stomach-like traits for mechanical and enzymatic digestion of the male spermatophore. By subsequently placing these bursa genes in an evolutionary framework, we found that the vast majority of their novel digestive functions were co-opted by borrowing genes that continue to be expressed in nonreproductive tissues. However, a number of bursa-specific genes have also arisen, some of which represent unique gene families restricted to Lepidoptera and may provide novel bursa-specific functions. This pattern of promiscuous gene borrowing and relatively infrequent evolution of tissue-specific duplicates stands in contrast to studies of the evolution of novelty via single gene co-option. Our results suggest that the evolution of complex organ-level phenotypes may often be enabled (and subsequently constrained) by changes in tissue specificity that allow expression of existing genes in novel contexts, such as reproduction. The extent to which the selective pressures encountered in these novel roles require resolution via duplication and sub/neofunctionalization is likely to be determined by the need for specialized reproductive functionality. Thus, complex physiological phenotypes such as that found in the bursa offer important opportunities for understanding the relative role of pleiotropy and specialization in adaptive evolution.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 12 (1956), S. 333-334 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microscopic crystals of uraninite are found in the accessories of the Baveno granite by the nuclear photographic emulsion technique. The uraninite is believed to be a primary mineral of the granite, its concentration in the sample is less than 1 p.p.m. but it contributes about 10% of the total α activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 214-215 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung der pleochroitischen Höfe der Biotite in Orthogneisen, Paragneisen und Bündnerschiefern des südlichen Gotthardmassives ergab durchwegs ein ähnliches Alter, nämlich 〈 60 Millionen Jahre. Es bedeutet dies, dass eventuell vorhandene vortertiäre Höfe in prätriadischen Biotiten der Gneise während der alpinen Metamorphose fast oder ganz durch Rekristallisation zerstört worden sind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 8-9 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Riassunto Sono stati studiati gli aloni dei graniti delle isole di Montecristo e del Giglio (arcipelago toscano) e del continente (Gavorrano). Tale studio ha permesso di dimostrare che il loro consolidamento è avvenuto in momenti diversi la cui successione ripete quella dei corrugamenti appenninici. Le età di tali graniti, comparate a quella dell'Elba (Monte Capanne), sono nel seguente ordine: Elba = Montecristo 〉 Giglio 〉 Gavorrano. I singoli stadi sono largamente spaziati nel tempo e gli intervalli sono risultati dell'ordine di circa dieci millioni di anni.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 14 (1958), S. 128-128 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Alter der pleochroitischen Höfe in den Graniten von Baveno und Monte Orfano wurde durch Vergleich mit dem Elba-Granit zu ungefähr 75 Millionen Jahren (Kreide) bestimmt. Dies könnte dem Alter der Intrusion entsprechen; es ist aber auch möglich, dass diese älter, zum Beispiel herzynisch, ist (Schwächung der pleochroitischen Höfe während der alpinen Orogenese).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 14 (1958), S. 128-129 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein vorläufiger Maximalwert (60 Millionen Jahre) für das Alter der pleochroitischen Höfe des alpinmetamorphen Medelser-Granites (Gotthardmassiv) mitgeteilt. Das so bestimmte Alter dürfte demjenigen der alpinen Metamorphose entsprechen, welche die Biotite (mit ihren pleochroitischen Höfen) des wohl herzynischen Granites rekristallisieren liess.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 30 (1974), S. 1247-1248 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Résumé Une forme de maladie humaine d'immunoinsuffisance grave combinée est associée à une insuffisance d'adénosine-déaminase dans les cellules de lymphe et dans d'autres tissus comprenant le foie, la rate et les érythrocytes des cultures de fibroblastes de la peau. Un modèle animal d'immuno-insuffisance combinée a été récememt créé dans une race de souris sans poils. Nous avons montré que chez ces souris immunologiquement déficientes l'activité de l'adénosine-déaminase est normale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 788-790 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Agglutinability by concanavalin A was measured with HeLa65 cells grown with prednisolone or sodium butyrate, 2 compounds that increase the activity of the carcinoplacental form of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme localized in membranes. Prednisolone enhanced concanavalin A agglutination approximately 3-fold while sodium butyrate had no effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 13 (1992), S. 405-413 
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of the Reynolds stress in the near-wall region of a fully developed turbulent pipe flow, at a pipe Reynolds number of 8,923, was investigated. Because the closed circuit tunnel used glycerine as a working fluid, measurements could be readily made inside the viscous sublayer. Two laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) systems were combined to measure the two point spatial correlation, R 12, between the stream wise and radial velocities in a radial plane of the pipe. The correlation measurements extended over the region from y + of 2 to 64 in the direction normal to the pipe wall and covered more than 800 wall units in the streamwise direction. Two-dimensional maps of the correlation coefficient were established for six different distances of the streamwise velocity probe from the wall. The use of LDV systems allowed the measurements to be made for small spatial separations of the probes without fear of probe interference effects. A characteristic feature of the correlation contour maps, that maxium correlation arises for small non-zero separation of the probes, may not have been observed had invasive techniques been employed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  The influence of homogeneous surfactant and homogeneous polymer solutions on the performance of microbubble skin friction reduction was investigated on an axisymmetric body. Carbon dioxide was injected into water, homogeneous surfactant (Aerosol OT) solutions, and homogeneous dilute polymer (Polyethylene oxide) solutions. Integrated skin friction measurements were obtained at two freestream velocities as a function of gas injection rate and polyethylene-oxide concentration. A moderate (50%) decrease in surface tension had little to no effect on the drag reducing characteristics of microbubble injection. At similar gas injection rates, microbubble injection exhibited more drag reduction in the polymer solutions than obtained with microbubble injection into water. However, the increased drag reduction obtained with polymer additives was no more than a multiplicative factor related to the baseline levels of drag reduction achieved by the individual methods, and suggests the mechanism for microbubble skin friction reduction acts independently of the polymer drag reduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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