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  • 1
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    Salinity effects on growth and toxin production in an Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) isolate from The Netherlands (2016)
    OXFORD UNIV PRESS
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Plankton Research, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 38(5), pp. 1302-1316, ISSN: 0142-7873
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-03
    Description: Alexandrium ostenfeldii is among the most intensely studied marine planktonic dinophytes and in the last few years blooms have become a recurrent phenomenon mainly in brackish coastal waters. Since 2012, A. ostenfeldii recurs annually in the Ouwerkerkse Kreek, a Dutch brackish water creek discharging into an estuary with large stocks of mussels, oysters and cockles. The creek is characterized by highly dynamic abiotic conditions, notably salinity. Here, we investigated the impacts of salinities ranging from 3 to 34 on growth and toxin content of an A. ostenfeldii isolate from the creek. Our results demonstrate a broad salinity tolerance of the Dutch A. ostenfeldii population, with growth rates from 0.13 to 0.2 d−1 over a salinity range from 6 to 34. Highest paralytic shellfish toxin and cyclic imine toxin cell quotas were observed for the lowest and highest salinities, and were associated with increases in cell size. Lytic activity was highest at the lowest salinity, and was 5-fold higher in the cell-free supernatants compared to cell extracts. Together our results demonstrate a tight coupling between salinity and A. ostenfeldii growth rate, cell size and toxin synthesis, which may have consequences for the seasonal dynamics of bloom toxicity.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Phycotoxin composition and distribution in plankton fractions from the German Bight and western Danish coast (2013)
    OXFORD UNIV PRESS
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Plankton Research, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 35(5), pp. 1093-1108, ISSN: 0142-7873
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: From the German Bight along Jutland to the western Skagerrak, we found representatives of almost all groups of phycotoxins known to occur in North Sea plankton. Identification was by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in plankton size fractions, with domoic acid and 20-me G the most abundant toxins. The dominance of 20-me G in the spirolide (SPX) composition of plankton from the Jutland current system matched very well with that of an isolate of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. The SPXs of the A. ostenfeldii strain S6_P12_E11, previously isolated from the western North Sea along the Scottish coast, comprised 100% 20-me G, suggesting toxin homogeneity among North Sea populations of this species. We detected highest amounts of azaspiracid-1 in the 3–20-mm size fraction at offshore stations, where the Jutland coastal current converges with the westward North Sea flow off Skagerrak. Azadinium spinosum was subsequently identified by clonal isolation from crude cultures established from these stations. Except for lipophilic toxins usually produced by the dinoflagellate Dinophysis spp., dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) and DTX-2, we detected no other phycotoxins in plankton from the southern German Bight. The spatial distribution of the phycotoxins in the eastern North Sea was apparently related to the hydrographical conditions, identified from salinity and coloured dissolved organic matter profiles. The biogeographical distribution of phycotoxins indicates a strong association with the northward advection by the Jutland current and the mixing of German Bight and North water masses along the northwest Danish coast towards the Skagerrak.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 3
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    Molecular discrimination of taxa within the dinoflagellate genus Azadinium, the source of azaspiracid toxins (2013)
    OXFORD UNIV PRESS
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Plankton Research, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 35(1), pp. 225-230, ISSN: 0142-7873
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: Molecular probes were developed for the dinoflagellate genus Azadinium to discriminate among three taxa difficult to differentiate by light microscopy. This genus contains azaspiracid toxin-producing Azadinium spinosum, but also non-toxigenic species. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays were applied to cultured isolates and Azadiniumspiked field plankton. Molecular methods were highly specific and sensitive in the unambiguous detection of Azadinium, and thus are valuable for routine plankton, biogeographic and phylogenetic investigations.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
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    Molecular detection and quantification of the azaspiracid-producing dinoflagellate Amphidoma languida (Amphidomataceae, Dinophyceae) (2019)
    OXFORD UNIV PRESS
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Plankton Research, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 41(2), pp. 101-113, ISSN: 0142-7873
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-03
    Description: Species of the planktonic dinoflagellates Azadinium and Amphidoma are small, inconspicuous and difficult, if not impossible to be identified and differentiated by light microscopy. Within this group, there are some species that produce the marine biotoxin azaspiracid (AZA) while others are non-toxigenic, therefore a requirement exists for precise species identification. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for molecular detection and quantification of one of the toxigenic species, Amphidoma languida, was designed and extensively tested. The assay was highly specific and sensitive to detect and quantify down to 10 target gene copies (corresponding to ca. 0.05 cells) per reaction. DNA cell quota and copy number cell−1 were constant for four different Am. languida strains, and for one strain they were shown to be stable at various time points throughout the growth cycle. Recovery of known cell numbers of Am. languida spiked into natural samples was 95–103%, and the assay was successfully tested on field samples collected from Irish coastal waters. This new qPCR assay is a valuable tool for routine monitoring for the prevention of AZA-shellfish-poisoning caused by the consumption of contaminated shellfish and is a supportive tool for studies on the biogeography of this AZA-producing species.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    Identification of Azadinium poporum (Dinophyceae) in the Southeast Pacific: morphology, molecular phylogeny, and azaspiracid profile characterization (2017)
    OXFORD UNIV PRESS
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Plankton Research, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 39(2), pp. 350-367, ISSN: 0142-7873
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Azaspiracids (AZA), a group of lipophilic phycotoxins, are produced by some species of the marine dinophycean genus Azadinium. AZA have recently been detected in shellfish from the Southeast Pacific, however, AZA-producing species have not been recorded yet from the area. This study is the first record of the genus Azadinium and of the species Azadinium poporum from the Pacific side of South America. Three strains of A. poporum from Chañaral (Northern Chile) comply to the type description of A. poporum by the presence of multiple pyrenoids, in thecal plate details, and in the position of the ventral pore located on the left side of the pore plate. Molecular phylogeny, based on internal transcribed spacer and large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences, revealed that Chilean strains fall in the same ribotype clade as European and strains from New Zealand. Analyses of AZA profiles using LC–MS/MS showed an identical profile for all three strains with the presence of AZA-11 and two phosphorylated AZA. This is the first confirmation of the presence of AZA producing Azadinium in the Chilean coastal area and underlines the risk of AZA shellfish and concomitant human contamination episodes in the Southeast Pacific region.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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