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  • 1
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    Molecular identification of a retinal cell type that responds to upward motion (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-28
    Description: The retina contains complex circuits of neurons that extract salient information from visual inputs. Signals from photoreceptors are processed by retinal interneurons, integrated by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and sent to the brain by RGC axons. Distinct types of RGC respond to different visual features, such as increases or decreases in light intensity (ON and OFF cells, respectively), colour or moving objects. Thus, RGCs comprise a set of parallel pathways from the eye to the brain. The identification of molecular markers for RGC subsets will facilitate attempts to correlate their structure with their function, assess their synaptic inputs and targets, and study their diversification. Here we show, by means of a transgenic marking method, that junctional adhesion molecule B (JAM-B) marks a previously unrecognized class of OFF RGCs in mice. These cells have asymmetric dendritic arbors aligned in a dorsal-to-ventral direction across the retina. Their receptive fields are also asymmetric and respond selectively to stimuli moving in a soma-to-dendrite direction; because the lens reverses the image of the world on the retina, these cells detect upward motion in the visual field. Thus, JAM-B identifies a unique population of RGCs in which structure corresponds remarkably to function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, In-Jung -- Zhang, Yifeng -- Yamagata, Masahito -- Meister, Markus -- Sanes, Joshua R -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 27;452(7186):478-82. doi: 10.1038/nature06739.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/*metabolism ; Cell Count ; Cell Shape ; Dendrites/metabolism ; Immunoglobulins ; Mice ; Models, Neurological ; *Motion ; Photic Stimulation ; Retina/*cytology/radiation effects ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*cytology/*metabolism/radiation effects
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Orientation columns in the mouse superior colliculus (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: More than twenty types of retinal ganglion cells conduct visual information from the eye to the rest of the brain. Each retinal ganglion cell type tessellates the retina in a regular mosaic, so that every point in visual space is processed for visual primitives such as contrast and motion. This information flows to two principal brain centres: the visual cortex and the superior colliculus. The superior colliculus plays an evolutionarily conserved role in visual behaviours, but its functional architecture is poorly understood. Here we report on population recordings of visual responses from neurons in the mouse superior colliculus. Many neurons respond preferentially to lines of a certain orientation or movement axis. We show that cells with similar orientation preferences form large patches that span the vertical thickness of the retinorecipient layers. This organization is strikingly different from the randomly interspersed orientation preferences in the mouse's visual cortex; instead, it resembles the orientation columns observed in the visual cortices of large mammals. Notably, adjacent superior colliculus orientation columns have only limited receptive field overlap. This is in contrast to the organization of visual cortex, where each point in the visual field activates neurons with all preferred orientations. Instead, the superior colliculus favours specific contour orientations within approximately 30 degrees regions of the visual field, a finding with implications for behavioural responses mediated by this brain centre.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feinberg, Evan H -- Meister, Markus -- T32 NS007484/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 12;519(7542):229-32. doi: 10.1038/nature14103. Epub 2014 Dec 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; 1] Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25517100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Calcium/analysis/metabolism ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Motion ; Neurons/physiology ; Orientation/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Superior Colliculi/anatomy & histology/*cytology/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/anatomy & histology/cytology/physiology ; Visual Fields/physiology ; Wakefulness
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    A neuronal circuit for colour vision based on rod-cone opponency (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: In bright light, cone-photoreceptors are active and colour vision derives from a comparison of signals in cones with different visual pigments. This comparison begins in the retina, where certain retinal ganglion cells have 'colour-opponent' visual responses-excited by light of one colour and suppressed by another colour. In dim light, rod-photoreceptors are active, but colour vision is impossible because they all use the same visual pigment. Instead, the rod signals are thought to splice into retinal circuits at various points, in synergy with the cone signals. Here we report a new circuit for colour vision that challenges these expectations. A genetically identified type of mouse retinal ganglion cell called JAMB (J-RGC), was found to have colour-opponent responses, OFF to ultraviolet (UV) light and ON to green light. Although the mouse retina contains a green-sensitive cone, the ON response instead originates in rods. Rods and cones both contribute to the response over several decades of light intensity. Remarkably, the rod signal in this circuit is antagonistic to that from cones. For rodents, this UV-green channel may play a role in social communication, as suggested by spectral measurements from the environment. In the human retina, all of the components for this circuit exist as well, and its function can explain certain experiences of colour in dim lights, such as a 'blue shift' in twilight. The discovery of this genetically defined pathway will enable new targeted studies of colour processing in the brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joesch, Maximilian -- Meister, Markus -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 14;532(7598):236-9. doi: 10.1038/nature17158. Epub 2016 Apr 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Color ; Color Perception/*physiology/radiation effects ; Color Vision/*physiology/radiation effects ; Darkness ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Models, Neurological ; Neural Pathways/*physiology/radiation effects ; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism/radiation effects ; Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Synapses/metabolism/radiation effects ; Territoriality ; Ultraviolet Rays
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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