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  • 1
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    Climate change. Making deforestation pay under the Kyoto Protocol? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schulze, Ernst-Detlef -- Mollicone, Danilo -- Achard, Frederic -- Matteucci, Giorgio -- Federici, Sandro -- Eva, Hugh D -- Valentini, Riccardo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1669.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Post Office Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Brazil ; *Carbon ; *Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Greenhouse Effect ; International Cooperation ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Timing of the compensation of winter respiratory carbon losses provides explanatory power for net ecosystem productivity of forests (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-28
    Description: Accurate predictions of net ecosystem productivity (NEP c ) of forest ecosystems are essential for climate change decisions and requirements in the context of national forest growth and greenhouse gas inventories. However, drivers and underlying mechanisms determining NEP c (e.g. climate, nutrients) are not entirely understood yet, particularly when considering the influence of past periods. Here we explored the explanatory power of the compensation day (cDOY) —defined as the day of year when winter net carbon losses are compensated by spring assimilation— for NEP c in 26 forests in Europe, North America, and Australia, using different NEP c integration methods. We found cDOY to be a particularly powerful predictor for NEP c of temperate evergreen needle-leaf forests (R 2  = 0.58) and deciduous broadleaf forests (R 2  = 0.68). In general, the latest cDOY correlated with the lowest NEP c . The explanatory power of cDOY depended on the integration method for NEP c , forest type, and whether the site had a distinct winter net respiratory carbon loss or not. The integration methods starting in autumn led to better predictions of NEP c from cDOY then the classical calendar method starting at January 1. Limited explanatory power of cDOY for NEP c was found for warmer sites with no distinct winter respiratory loss period. Our findings highlight the importance of the influence of winter processes and the delayed responses of previous seasons’ climatic conditions on current year's NEP c . Such carry-over effects may contain information from climatic conditions, carbon storage levels and hydraulic traits of several years back in time.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    NEW OBSERVATIONS ON AMMOLAGENA CLAVATA (JONES AND PARKER, 1860) FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA (2013)
    Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-28
    Description: One hundred and sixty specimens of Ammolagena clavata (Jones and Parker), encrusted on various bioclastic substrates, were collected from recent foredeep sediments of the Pontine Archipelago (Tyrrhenian Sea). Numerous specimens were measured, photographed, and analyzed, using energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The wall of A. clavata is composed of an agglutinated layer between two organic films. An EDS analysis showed high concentrations of Si and, subordinately, Al, both in the agglutinated and organic layers; the latter also contain high amounts of Fe. The presence of an incipient lip (pseudoseptum) at the beginning of the tubular chamber confirms the pseudo-bichambered architecture of the test. Its most problematic morphological feature is a second aperture at the base of the first chamber (proloculus). The variable morphology of the second pseudochamber is interpreted to be an adaptive behavior for avoiding occlusion of its aperture by the sediment. The presence of coccoliths and coccospheres within the chambers suggests that A. clavata is a suspension feeder. The upper limit of its bathymetric range in the Mediterranean Sea coincides with the upper limit of Mediterranean Levantine Intermediate Water.
    Print ISSN: 0096-1191
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of defects produced during self-annealing implantation of As in silicon (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 2708-2712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Several electron microscopy techniques were used to investigate in detail the structure of the defects produced by implantation of Si with high current density As+ ion beam under self-annealing conditions (i.e., with simultaneous damage recovery activated by the transient beam heating). The defects, which display a basic octahedral shape, appear if the irradiation is prolonged after the time for which the transient beam heating has produced the complete crystallization of the previously amorphized surface layer. With increasing irradiation time and temperature they grow up to a maximum diameter of about 20 nm, and concentrate in a band located around the position of the maximum of nuclear energy loss of As+ ions, where a segregation peak of electrically inactive As is developed simultaneously. The results of different microstructural and microanalytical techniques used to investigate the defects (conventional and high resolution electron microscopy, electron holography, and energy dispersion x-ray microanalysis) give information which leads us to identify them as large vacancy aggregates, or voids, with As atoms segregated in proximity of the inner surfaces. The role of As atoms is likely to reduce the strain energy which a vacancy aggregate is expected to produce in the surrounding lattice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.346444
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal evolution of the magnetization in nanocrystalline Fe particles investigated by electron holography (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 4152-4158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Micrometric, irregularly shaped Fe particles with a nanocrystalline structure have been prepared by mechanical attrition through ball-milling. Electron holography has been employed to visualize the stray field emerging from isolated Fe particles, both at 300 K and at selected temperatures T≤1200 K, from which indirect information on the magnetic domain configuration has been inferred. By complementary x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy investigations a relationship has been established between the changes of the leakage field and of the microstructure upon annealing: it indicates that the structural evolution is accompanied by strong modifications in the interior magnetization pattern. This relationship finds explanation in the framework of the random anisotropy model, including temperature-induced reversible variations in the exchange correlation length and saturation magnetization. Moreover, the role played by the overall geometrical features of the particles in the determination of the actual domain configuration has been investigated. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1401797
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping of microelectric and magnetic fields with double-exposure electron holography (1988)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 52 (1988), S. 176-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The double-exposure electron holographic technique has been put into practical use for the first time. By this method an accurate recording of the distribution of electric and magnetic fields can be directly obtained by the electron microscope without resorting to sophisticated optical manipulation of the holograms. Problems concerning the operative definition of the contour maps are discussed. Experimental results are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.99511
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron holography in the study of the leakage field of magnetic force microscope sensor tips (1993)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 62 (1993), S. 1839-1841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electron holography is applied to the investigation of the leakage magnetic field produced by sharp ferromagnetic probes employed for magnetic force microscopy. Using the double exposure technique, interference fringes were obtained which show a good qualitative agreement with calculations based on a macroscopic dipole model for the sensor tips. Magnetic flux measurements are possible through the evaluation of the phase difference in the simulated map of the dipole field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.109566
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of the leakage field of magnetic force microscopy thin-film tips using electron holography (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 1865-1867 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electron holography is applied for the study of the leakage field of thin-film ferromagnetic tips used as probes in magnetic force microscopy. We used commercially available pyramidal tips covered on one face with a thin NiCo film, which were then placed in a high external magnetic field directed along the pyramid axis. Good agreement between simulated and experimental electron phase difference maps allows to measure the local flux from the ferromagnetic tips and therefore to evaluate the perturbation induced by the microprobe stray field on the sample area. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116039
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term exposure to elevated [CO2] in a natural Quercus ilex L. community: net photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency of PSII at different levels of water stress (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Naturally grown trees of Mediterranean evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.), representing the climax species of the region, were enclosed in six large open-top chambers and exposed to ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations during a 3 year period. Maximum daily net photosynthetic rates measured at the two different CO2 concentrations were from 30 to 100% higher in elevated than in ambient [CO2] throughout the experimental period. The increase in maximum daily photosynthesis was also accompanied by a 93% rise in the apparent quantum yield of CO2 assimilation, measured during periods of optimum soil moisture conditions. Hence, no clear evidence of down-regulation of net photosynthetic activity was found. Interactions between atmospheric CO2 concentration and plant water stress were studied by following the natural evolution of drought in different seasons and years. At each level of water stress, the maximum rate of carbon assimilation was higher in elevated than in ambient [CO2] by up to 100%.Analysis of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in normal (21%) and low (2%) oxygen concentrations provided useful insights into the functioning and stability of the photosynthetic processes. The photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) progressively decreased as drought conditions became more evident; this trend was accentuated under elevated [CO2]. Thermal de-excitation processes were possibly more significant under elevated than under ambient [CO2], in a combination of environmental stresses.This research suggests two possible conclusions: (i) a ‘positive’ interaction between elevated [CO2] and carbon metabolism can be obtained through relief of water stress limitation in the summer months, and (ii) elevated [CO2], under drought conditions, may also enhance the significance of slow-relaxing quenching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00399.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ estimation of net CO2 assimilation, photosynthetic electron flow and photorespiration in Turkey oak (Q. cerris L.) leaves: diurnal cycles under different levels of water supply (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Diurnal time courses of net CO2 assimilation rates, stomatal conductance and light-driven electron fluxes were measured in situ on attached leaves of 30-year-old Turkey oak trees (Quercus cerris L.) under natural summer conditions in central Italy. Combined measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence under low O2 concentrations allowed the demonstration of a linear relationship between the photochemical efficiency of PSII (fluorescence measurements) and the apparent quantum yield of gross photosynthesis (gas exchange). This relationship was used under normal O2 to compute total light-driven electron fluxes, and to partition them into fractions used for RuBP carboxylation or RuBP oxygenation. This procedure also yielded an indirect estimate of the rate of photorespiration in vivo. The time courses of light-driven electron flow, net CO2 assimilation and photorespiration paralleled that of photosynthetic photon flux density, with important afternoon deviations as soon as a severe drought stress occurred, whereas photochemical efficiency and maximal fluorescence underwent large but reversible diurnal decreases. The latter observation indicated the occurrence of a large non-photochemical energy dissipation at PSII. We estimated that less than 60% of the total photosynthetic electron flow was used for carbon assimilation at midday, while about 40% was devoted to photorespiration. The rate of carbon loss by photorespiration (R1) reached mean levels of 56% of net assimilation rates. The potential application of this technique to analysis of the relative contributions of thermal de-excitation at PSII and photorespiratory carbon recycling in the protection of photosynthesis against stress effects is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00564.x
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