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  • salinity  (3)
  • Aggression  (2)
  • interlingua
  • Springer  (6)
  • Frontiers Media
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  • Springer  (6)
  • Frontiers Media
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in brain serotonergic activity during hierarchic behavior in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) are socially induced (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 170 (1992), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Arctic charr ; Dominance hierarchy ; Aggression ; Serotonin ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiment was performed in two phases. During the first phase (phase 1) the dominance hierarchy was determined in 4 groups of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.), each group consisting of 4 fish. Phase 2 was started by rearranging phase 1 fish into 4 new groups. Group 1 consisted of previously dominant fish and groups 2, 3 and 4 of fish that previously held rank 2, 3 and 4, respectively. After phase 2 telencephalon and brain stem were analyzed with regard to their contents of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the principle metabolite of 5-HT. No correlation was found between the social rank (measured as dominance index) during phase 1 and the brain serotonergic activity (measured as the ratio 5-HIAA/5-HT) determined after phase 2. However, most important, the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio was significantly correlated with the last experienced social rank, i.e. that acquired during phase 2. These results shows that the difference in brain serotonergic activity between dominant and subordinate fish develops through social interactions. Further, we found that previous subordinate experience inhibited aggressive behavior, an effect which, in the light of available information on stress and 5-HT, could be related to the increase in brain serotonergic activity. We hypothesize that stress induces an increased serotonergic activity which in turn inhibits the neuronal circuitry which mediates aggressive behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190404
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multilingual generation: The role of telicity in lexical choice and syntactic realization (1996)
    Springer
    Machine translation 11 (1996), S. 37-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0573
    Keywords: syntax-semantics interface ; syntactic alternations ; semantic classes ; (a)telicity ; multilingual generation ; interlingua ; lexical conceptual structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Multilingual generation in machine translation (MT) requires a knowledge organization that facilitates the task of lexical choice, i.e. selection of lexical units to be used in the generation of a target-language sentence. This paper investigates the extent to which lexicalization patterns involving the lexical aspect feature [+telic] may be used for translating events and states among languages. Telicity has been correlated syntactically with both transitivity and unaccusativity, and semantically with Talmy's ‘path’ of a motion event, the representation of which characterizes languages parametrically. Taking as our starting point the syntactic/semantic classification in Levin's English Verb Classes and Alternations, we examine the relation between telicity and the syntactic contexts, or alternations, outlined in this work, identifying systematic relations between the lexical aspect features and the semantic components that potentiate these alternations. Representing lexical aspect — particularly telicity — is therefore crucial for the tasks of lexical choice and syntactic realization. Having enriched the data in Levin (by correlating the syntactic alternations (Part I) and semantic verb classes (Part II) and marking them for telicity) we assign to verbs lexical semantic templates (LSTs). We then demonstrate that it is possible from these templates to build a large-scale repository for lexical conceptual structures which encode meaning components that correspond to different values of the telicity feature. The LST framework preserves both semantic content and semantic structure (following Grimshaw during the processes of lexical choice and syntactic realization. Application of this model identifies precisely where the Knowledge Representation component may profitably augment our rules of composition, to identify cases where the interlingua underlying the source language sentence must be either reduced or modified in order to produce an appropriate target language sentence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349353
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social rank and brain levels of monoamines and monoamine metabolites in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 168 (1991), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Arctic charr ; Dominance hierarchy ; Aggression ; Catecholamines ; Serotonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dominance hierarchy was determined in 5 groups of juvenile Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), each group consisting of 4 fish. Telencephalon and brain stem (remaining parts of the brain) were analyzed with regard to their content of monoamines and monoamine metabolites. No significant differences were observed in the concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), or serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) between fish with different social rank. However, the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the principle metabolite of 5-HT, was significantly higher in subordinate fish, and a significant inverse linear correlation was found between 5-HIAA concentration and social rank (as measured by dominance index) in the brain stem. In the telencephalon the dominant fish had a significantly higher level of homovanillic acid (HVA), a major DA metabolite. These findings indicate a greater serotonergic activity, possibly associated with increased stress, as well as a lower dopaminergic activity, possibly associated with reduced aggression, in subordinate charr. The differences between dominant and subordinate fish could either be caused by social interactions or reflect innate individual differences in monoamine utilization, predisposing individuals for dominant or subordinate positions in the dominance hierarchy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218416
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of salinity and plant species on CO2 flux and leaching of dissolved organic carbon during decomposition of plant residue (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 179 (1996), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CO2 ; dissolved organic carbon ; flux, halophyte ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mitigation of increased concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere by plants may be more efficient in saline systems with soils lower in organic matter than in other freshwater systems. In saline systems, decomposition rates may be lower and potential soil carbon storage higher than in fresh water systems. The effects of salinity, plant species and time on CO2 surface flux and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leached during irrigation were determined in the laboratory in microcosms containing sand amended with residues of two halophytes, Atriplex nummularia and Salicornia bigelovii, and one glycophyte, Triticum aestivum. Surface flux of CO2 and DOC leached during decomposition were monitored for 133 days at 24 °C in microcosms containing different plant residue (5% w/w). Microcosms were irrigated every 14 days with distilled water or seawater adjusted to 10, 20, or 40 g L-1 salts. CO2 flux and DOC leached were significantly higher from microcosms amended with A. nummularia residue compared to S. bigelovii or T. aestivum at all salinities and decreased significantly over time for all plant species. Irrigating with water of high salinity, 40 g L-1, compared to distilled water resulted in a decrease in CO2 surface flux and DOC in leachate, but differences were not significant at all sampling dates. Results indicate that plant residue composition, as well as increased salinity, affect CO2 surface flux and DOC in leachate during plant residue decomposition and may be an important consideration for C storage in saline systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009327
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of seawater-irrigated halophytes: implications for potential carbon storage (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 202 (1998), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon storage ; decomposition ; halophyte ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seawater-irrigated halophytes are a non-traditional crop that may serve to offset anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions through long-term carbon storage. To assess the feasibility of storing carbon as cultivated halophyte residues in coastal desert soils, the decay rate, microbial activity and microbial decomposer abundance of post-harvest residues were investigated for three potential halophyte crops. Decay rates were determined by measuring weight loss from residues in litterbags in both the field and laboratory. The effect of incorporating residues into the soil was examined by locating litterbags both on and below the soil surface. Microbial decomposition activity was measured as the CO2 efflux from residue amended soil columns in the greenhouse. The abundance of bacteria, fungi, and nematodes was assessed in decomposing residues using litterbags in the field. The three halophytes decomposed at rates similar to those of conventional, non-saline residues (0.20–0.30% d-1) whether placed on the surface or buried at 30 cm. Residue type affected microbial activity in soil columns during the first 21 days, but decomposition was similar for the three halophytes thereafter. Residue type affected the abundance of nematodes, but not of bacterial and fungal decomposers. Because the rate of halophyte residue decay and the number of microbial decomposers associated with the residues are similar to those of fresh water systems, there appears to be no advantage in storing carbon as plant residue in this saline agricultural system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004360422347
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of rapid changes in salinity and temperature on the mobility of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 255-256 (1993), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Brachionus plicatilis ; locomotion ; temperature ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis can grow in a wide range of salinities and temperatures, but rapid shifts in both salinity and temperature may result in immobilized, non-swimming rotifers. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of perturbations in temperature and salinity on the swimming pattern of the rotifer. Only slight changes in mobility were observed when rotifers were exposed to changes in temperature (from 20 °C to 8–30 °C) and to an increase in salinity (from 20% to 30%). When the salinity was reduced to 15% and 5%, the proportion of mobile rotifers was reduced to 50% and 5%, respectively. The rotifers were throughout more resistant to perturbations in temperature than to those of salinity. Combined temperature and salinity perturbations compared to perturbations in each factor separately suggested a synergetic effect of temperature and salinity on the rotifers locomotion. Transfer from cultivation conditions to low salinity (5%) and high temperature (28 °C) resulted in very low percent of mobile rotifers (0–10%). However, if the temperature was reduced to 8 °C concomitant with the changes in salinity, the percent of mobile rotifers was 85%. Rotifers use a high share of their metabolic energy for locomotion, and it is therefore not surprising that perturbations in salinity and temperature may result in partial or complete immobilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025824
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