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  • 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases  (3)
  • 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.03. Pollution  (2)
  • 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques  (1)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring  (1)
  • Elsevier Science Limited  (6)
  • 1
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    Past, present and future of volcanic lake monitoring (2014)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: Volcanic lake research boosted after lethal gas burst occurred at Lake Nyos (Cameroon) in 1986, a limnic rather than a volcanic event. This led to the foundation of the IAVCEI-Commission on Volcanic Lakes, which grew out into a multi-disciplinary scientific community since the 1990s. We here introduce the first data base of volcanic lakes VOLADA, containing 474 lakes, a number that, in our opinion, is surprisingly high. VOLADA could become an interactive, open-access working tool where our community can rely on in the future. Many of the compiled lakes were almost unknown, or at least unstudied to date, whereas there are acidic crater lakes topping active magmat- ic–hydrothermal systems that are continuously or discontinuously monitored, providing useful information for volcanic surveillance (e.g., Ruapehu, Yugama, Poás). Nyos-type lakes, i.e. those hosted in quiescent volcanoes and characterized by significant gas accumulation in bottom waters, are potentially hazardous. These lakes tend to remain stably stratified in tropical and sub-tropical climates (meromictic), leading to long-term build- up of gas, which can be released after a trigger. Some of the unstudied lakes are possibly in the latter situation. Acidic crater lakes are easily recognized as active, whereas Nyos-type lakes can only be recognized as potentially hazardous if bottom waters are investigated, a less obvious operation. In this review, research strategies are lined out, especially for the “active crater lakes”. We make suggestions for monitoring frequency based on the principle of the “residence time dependent monitoring time window”. A complementary, multi-disciplinary (geochemis- try, geophysics, limnology, statistics) approach is considered to provide new ideas, which can be the bases for fu- ture volcanic lake monitoring. More profound deterministic knowledge (e.g., precursory signals for phreatic eruptions, or lake roll-over events) should not only serve to enhance conceptual models of single lakes, but also serve as input parameters in probabilistic approaches. After more than 25 years of pioneering studies on rather few lakes (~20% of all), the scientific community should be challenged to study the many poorly studied volcanic lakes, in order to better constrain the related hazards.
    Description: Published
    Description: 78-97
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Volcanic lakes ; Active crater lakes ; Nyos-type lakes ; Monitoring ; Residence time dependent monitoring time window ; Hazard forecasting ; VOLADA data base ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Carbon-bearing gas geothermometers for volcanic-hydrothermal systems (2013)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The genetic relationship between carbon-bearing species (CO, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4 and C3H6) was investigated in volcanic-hydrothermal gases emitted from Nisyros (Greece), Vesuvio, La Solfatara (Campi Flegrei) and Pantelleria (all Italy). Apparent carbon isotopic temperatures of the CH4-CO2 system are ~360°C at Nisyros, 420-460°C at Vesuvio, ~450°C at La Solfatara and ~540°C at Pantelleria. These temperatures are confirmed by measured propene/propane and H2/H2O concentration ratios. CH4 and CO2 equilibrate in the single liquid phase prior to the onset of boiling, whereas propene and propane attain equilibrium in the saturated water vapor phase. Boiling in these high-enthalpy hydrothermal systems might occur isothermally. Once vapor has been extracted from the parental liquid, CO/CO2 responds most sensitively to the temperature gradient encountered by the ascending gases. Our results imply that the CH4-CO2 isotopic geothermometer can provide reliable information about temperatures of deep hydrothermal liquids associated with volcanism. Propene/propane and H2/H2O concentration ratios should be measured along with the carbon isotopic composition of CO2 and CH4 to provide independent constraints on the geological significance of the apparent carbon isotopic temperatures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 66–75
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Hydrocarbons ; Hydrothermal fluids ; Volcanoes ; Geothermometry ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Chemical and isotopic features of cold and thermal fluids discharged in the Southern Volcanic Zone between 32.5°S and 36°S: Insights into the physical and chemical processes controlling fluid geochemistry in geothermal systems of Central Chile (2016)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The Principal Cordillera of Central Chile is characterized by two belts of different ages and lithologies: (i) an eastern Mesozoic belt, consisting of limestone- and gypsum-rich sedimentary rocks at the border between Central Chile and Argentina, where the active volcanic arc occurs; and (ii) a western belt of Cenozoic age containing basaltic to andesitic volcanic and volcanoclastic sequences. This distinctive geological setting controls water chemistry of cold and thermal springs in the region, which are fed by meteoric water that circulates through deep regional structures. In the western sector of Principal Cordillera, water–rock interaction processes produce lowTDS, slightly alkaline HCO3 − dominatedwaters, although dissolution of underlyingMesozoic evaporitic rocks occasionally causes SO4 2− and Cl− enrichments. In this area, few Na+–HCO3 − and Na+–SO4 2− waters occurred, being likely produced by a Ca2+–Na+ exchange during water–rock interactions. Differently, the chemical features of Ca2+–Cl−waterswas likely related to an albitization–chloritization process affecting basaltic to andesitic rocks outcropping in this area. Addition of Na+–Cl− brines uprising from the eastern sector through the westverging thrust faults cannot be excluded, as suggested by the occurrence of mantle He (~19%) in dissolved gases. In contrast, in the eastern sector of the study region, mainly characterized by the occurrence of evaporitic sequences and relatively high heat flow,mature Na+–Cl− waters were recognized, the latter being likely related to promising geothermal reservoirs, as supported by the chemical composition of the associated bubbling and fumarolic gases. Their relatively low3He/4He ratios (up to 3.9 Ra)measured in the fumaroles on this area evidenced a significant crustal contamination by radiogenic 4He. The latter was likely due to (i) degassing from 4He-rich magma batches residing in the crust, and/or (ii) addition of fluids interacting with sedimentary rocks. This interpretation is consistent with the measured δ13C-CO2 values (from−13.2 to−5.72‰vs. V-PDB) and the CO2/3He ratios (up to 14.6 × 1010), which suggest that CO2 mostly originates from the limestone-rich basement and recycling of subducted sediments,with an important addition of sedimentary (organic-derived) carbon,whereas mantle degassing contributes at a minor extent. According to geothermometric estimations based on the Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ contents, the mature Na+–Cl− rich waters approached a chemical equilibrium with calcite, dolomite, anhydrite, fluorite, albite, K-feldspar and Ca- andMg-saponites at a broad range of temperatures (up to ~300 °C) In the associated gas phase, equilibria of chemical reactions characterized by slowkinetics (e.g. sabatier reaction) suggested significant contributions from hot and oxidizing magmatic gases. This hypothesis is consistent with the δ13C-CO2, Rc/Ra, CO2/3He values of the fumarolic gases. Accordingly, the isotopic signatures of the fumarolic steam is similar to that of fluids discharged from the summit craters of the two active volcanoes in the study area (Tupungatito and Planchón–Peteroa). These results encourage the development of further geochemical and geophysical surveys aimed to provide an exhaustive evaluation of the geothermal potential of these volcanic–hydrothermal systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 97-113
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Fluid geochemistry ; Central Chile ; Water–gas–rock interaction ; Hydrothermal reservoir ; Geothermal resource ; Volcanoes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.03. Groundwater processes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Fluid geochemistry and geothermometry in the unexploited geothermal field of the Vicano-Cimino volcanic district (central Italy) (2015)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The Vicano–Cimino Volcanic District (VCVD) is related to the post-orogenic magmatic activity of the peri- Tyrrhenian sector of Central Italy. The chemical and isotopic compositions of 333 water discharges and 25 gas emissions indicate the occurrence of two main sources: 1) cold Ca-HCO3 to Ca(Na, K)-HCO3 type waters from relatively shallow aquifers hosted in volcanic and sedimentary formations; and 2) thermal Ca-SO4(HCO3) type waters located in a deep CO2-pressurized reservoir, hosted in carbonate–evaporite rocks and separated from the shallow aquifers by thick sequences of low-permeability formations. Carbon dioxide is mainly produced by thermal metamorphic decarbonation within the deepest and hottest parts of the carbonate–evaporite reservoir (δ13C–CO2 from−3.1 to+2.2‰vs. VPDB), likely affected by a mantle-rooted CO2. ReleaseofCO2-rich gases from the deep aquifer into the overlying shallow aquifers produces high-CO2 springs and bubbling pools. The spatial distribution of thermal waters and CO2-rich cold discharges is strongly controlled by fractures and faults located in correspondencewith buried structural highs. Stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) suggest thatmeteoric water feeds both the shallowand deep reservoirs. The relatively lowR/Ra values (0.27–1.19) indicate that He ismainly deriving from a crustal source, with minor component from the mantle affected by crustal contamination related to the subduction of the Adriatic plate. Consistently, relatively high N2/Ar and N2/3He ratios and positive δ15N–N2 values (from0.91 to 5.7‰vs. air) characterize the VCVD gas discharges, suggesting the occurrence of a significant “excess” nitrogen. Isotopic compositions of CH4 (δ13C–CH4 and δD–CH4 values from−28.9 to−22.1‰vs. VPDB and from −176 to −138‰ vs. VSMOW, respectively), and composition of light alkanes are indicative of prevalent thermogenic CH4, although the occurrence of abiogenic CH4 production cannot be excluded. The δ34S–H2S values (from+9.3 to+11.4‰vs. VCDT) are consistentwith the hypothesis of H2S production fromthermogenic reduction of Triassic anhydrites. Gas geothermometry in the H2O–H2–Ar–H2S system suggests that the VCVD gases equilibrated in a liquid phase at redox conditions controlled by interactions of fluids with the local mineral assemblage at temperatures lower (b200 °C) than that andmeasured in deep (N2000 m) geothermalwells. This confirms that secondary processes, i.e. steam condensation, gas dissolution in shallow aquifers, re-equilibration at lower temperature, and microbial activity, significantly affect the chemistry of the uprising fluids. Thermal water chemistry supports the occurrence in this area of an anomalous heat flowthat, coupledwith the recent demographic growth, makes this site suitable for direct and indirect exploitation of the geothermal resource, in agreement with the preliminary surveys carried out in the 1970's–1990's for geothermal exploration purposes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 96-114
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: geothermal resources ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    A new approach for the measurement of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and H2S in air from anthropogenic and natural sources: Examples from Mt. Amiata (Siena, Central Italy) and Solfatara Crater (Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy) (2017)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: Real-time measurements of GEM and H2S discharged fromnatural and anthropogenic sources are a valuable tool to investigate the dispersion dynamics of these contaminants in air. In this study, a new approach to measure GEM and H2S concentrations in air, carried out by coupling a portable Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometer with high frequency modulation of light polarization (Lumex RA-915M) and a pulsed fluorescence gas analyzer (Thermo Scientific Model 450i), was applied to two distinct areas: (i) in the surroundings of Piancastagnaio (Siena, Central Italy), located in the eastern flanks ofMt. Amiata (a 200,000 years old volcano), where three geothermal plants are operating and whose exhaust gases are dispersed in the atmosphere after passing through the turbines and an abatement system to mitigate the environmental impact on air, and (ii) at Solfatara Crater (Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy), a volcanic apparatus characterized by intense hydrothermal activity. In 2014, seven GEMand H2S surveys were carried out in the two areas along pre-defined pathways performed by car at both the study sites. The lowest and highest recorded GEM and H2S concentrations at Piancastagnaio were up to 194 and 77 ng/m3, respectively, whilst at Solfatara Crater were up to 690 and 3392 μg/m3, respectively. Although the GEM concentrations at Piancastagnaio were lower than the limit value recommended by local regulations for outdoor environment (300 ng/m3), they were almost one order of magnitude higher than the GEM background both in Tuscany (~3.5 ng/m3) and Mt. Amiata (3–5 ng/m3), suggesting that the main source of GEM was likely related to the geothermal plants. At Solfatara Crater, the highest GEM values were recognized in proximity of the main fumarolic gas discharges. As far as the H2S concentrations are concerned, the guideline value of 150 μg/m3, recommended by WHO (2000), was frequently overcome in the study areas. Dot (in the surroundings of Piancastagnaio) and contour (at Solfatara Crater) maps for GEM and H2S concentrations built for each survey highlighted the important effects played by the meteorological parameters, the latter being measured by a Davis® Vantage Vue weather station. In particular, the GEM and H2S plumes were strongly affected by the wind speed and direction thatwere able to modify the dispersion of the two parameters in air in a matter of hours, indicating that the proposed analytical approach is able to produce a more realistic picture of the distribution of these air pollutants than that provided by using passive traps. Finally, the H2S/GEMratio, calculated by normalizing the measured GEM and H2S concentrations to their highest values (nH2S/GEM),was used as a good proxy for the chemical-physical processes that these two gas species can suffer once emitted in the air. In particular, H2S resulted to be more affected by secondary processes than GEM, possibly related to photochemical oxidation reactions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 48-58
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Real-time measurements ; gaseous elemental mercury ; Hydrogen sulphide ; Gaseous contaminants ; Solfatara crater ; Mt. Amiata ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.03. Pollution ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Hydrogen sulfide measurements in air by passive/diffusive samplers and high-frequency analyzer: A critical comparison (2016)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: In this study, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) measurements in air carried out using (a) passive/diffusive samplers (Radiello® traps) and (b) a high-frequency (60 s) real-time analyzer (Thermo® 450i) were compared in order to evaluate advantages and limitations of the two techniques. Four different sites in urban environments (Florence, Italy) and two volcanic areas characterized by intense degassing of H2S-rich fluids (Campi Flegrei and Vulcano Island, Italy) were selected for such measurements. The concentrations of H2S generally varied over 5 orders of magnitude (from 10 1e103 mg/m3), the H2S values measured with the Radiello® traps (H2SR) being significantly higher than the average values measured by the Thermo® 450i during the trap exposure (H2STa), especially when H2S was 〈30 mg/m3. To test the reproducibility of the Radiello® traps, 8 passive/diffusive samplers were contemporaneously deployed within an 0.2 m2 area in an H2S-contaminated site at Mt. Amiata (Tuscany, Italy), revealing that the precision of the H2SR values was ±49%. This large uncertainty, whose cause was not recognizable, is to be added to that related to the environmental conditions (wind speed and direction, humidity, temperature), which are known to strongly affect passive measurements. The Thermo® 450i analyzer measurements highlighted the occurrence of short-term temporal variations of the H2S concentrations, with peak values (up to 5732 mg/m3) potentially harmful to the human health. The Radiello® traps were not able to detect such temporal variability due to their large exposure time. The disagreement between the H2SR and H2STa values poses severe concerns for the selection of an appropriate methodological approach aimed to provide an accurate measurement of this highly toxic air pollutant in compliance with the WHO air quality guidelines. Although passive samplers may offer the opportunity to carry out low-cost preliminary surveys, the use of the high-frequency H2S analyzer is preferred when an accurate assessment of air quality is required. In fact, the latter provides precise real-time measurements for a reliable estimation of the effective exposure to hazardous H2S concentrations, giving insights into the mechanisms regulating the dispersion of this air pollutant in relation to the meteorological parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 51-58
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: active analysers ; Passive/diffusive samplers ; Gaseous contaminants ; Air quality monitoring ; Hydrogen sulphide ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.03. Pollution ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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