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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple roll systems: Residence times and dynamic response (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2198-2211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In roll coating as in other coating processes the coating liquid often suffers changes in properties on the time of the coating flow, that is, from fractions of a second upward depending on the amount of recirculation and recycling. The agents of change may be chemical reaction, colloidal aggregation, or evaporation. Hence the mean residence time and the residence time distribution of the liquid are important to designers and operators of coating processes. Here, building on the examination of roll-coating systems by Benjamin et al. (1995), the residence times of liquid coated by representative arrays of multiple rolls in the “forward roll” mode and relatively starved feed condition (neglecting the possibly significant effects of “rolling banks” and other internal recirculations when they are present) are analyzed. The dynamic response of these transfer coaters to step changes in the feed gap and to periodic gap changes, as from roll and bearing run-out, are also analyzed. No reports of operating or laboratory experiments are available for comparison. Nevertheless the results make plain how these quality-limiting features may depend don the number of rolls used; their sizes, speed, and arrangement, and the properties of the coating liquid.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690411004
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface phenomena and mass transfer interactions in liquid-liquid systems (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1069-1076 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The surface dynamics of pendant aqueous droplets forming at a submerged nozzle in an immiscible organic solvent have been studied using a novel laser-activated photochromic tracer technique. This enabled a small element of surface to be labeled so that its subsequent history could be recorded photographically.Results for aqueous droplets forming in toluene in the absence of any mass transfer indicated only a slow interfacial circulation from the front to the rear, and there was no indication of any surface renewal as a result of hydrodynamic flow even at nozzle Reynolds numbers as high as 300. By contrast, the introduction of any one of a number of organic solutes into the toluene phase led to sporadic Marangoni-type interfacial disturbances, which in turn resulted in rapid replacement of elements of the droplet surface. It is proposed that renewal of the droplet surface is dependent on solute diffusion in the present instance and that the processes of surface renewal and mass transfer are likely to be interactive.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690310704
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments on two-phase measurements using a resistive probe (1964)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 776-791 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690100541
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of parameters for nonlinear thermodynamic models (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 20-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method based on the maximum likelihood principle has been developed for the determination of model parameters from experimental data when all the measured variables are subject to error. In addition to the best estimates of the parameters, this method also yields information useful in selection of appropriate models and evaluation of the accuracy of the data. Application of the method is illustrated in the reduction of binary vapor-liquid equilibrium data.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690240103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple models for nonideal vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 30 (1984), S. 669-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690300426
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution on the tensile properties of amorphous polymers (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 39 (1990), S. 499-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tensile property data for polystyrene samples of varying polydispersity are correlated with various parametric measures of molecular weight. Traditional measures of molecular weight, such as M̄n, M̄w, and M̄z, are shown to be unable to account for the variation of tensile properties with molecular weight. However, a new molecular weight parameter, termed the failure property parameter, is able to provide a single relationship between tensile strength and the parameter for both the broad and narrow distribution polymers. The form of this parameter is consistent with its having origins in the view that it is the entanglement network in an amorphous polymer that provides the observed strength properties. Specifically for polystyrene, the failure property parameter results indicate that material below 60,000 molecular weight does not contribute to polymer strength. Although the results of this investigation are specifically for polystyrene, the arguments used to develop the failure property parameter are not dependent on polymer chemical structure. Consequently, we believe that both the concepts and definition of this new parameter are applicable to all amorphous polymers.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070390302
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of epitaxial SiGe thin films on Si: Analytical considerations (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 18 (1992), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Epitaxial silicon - germanium (SiGe) thin films are being developed for a number of interesting applications. Potential uses include applications as fabrication layers for heterojunction bipolar transistor devices and a number of other novel electronic devices. For device applications, SiGe structures offer the potential for increased speed, bandgap engineering, rapid oxide growth and low processing temperatures.For electronic device applications, successful fabrication of SiGe films with the desired properties requires a thorough understanding of deposition, oxidation, interdiffusion and interface behavior. This paper details the analytical methods employed to characterize SiGe thin films deposited in various molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor systems. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to study both the as-deposited and oxidized films.Determination of Ge content and distribution, measurement of dopant concentrations within the SiGe, build-up of Ge at oxide interfaces, build-up of oxygen at interlayer interfaces and film thickness measurements will be illustrated. Methods for the cross-correlation and calibration of the various instrumental techniques and use of the characterization data to optimize processing conditions will also be discussed.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740180212
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gurolit, eine neue Mineralspecies (1851)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 78 (1851), S. 96-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18510780110
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  • 9
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    Satellite observations of aerosol transport from East Asia to the Arctic: three case studies (2011)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-11
    Description: Vertical profiles of aerosol extinction obtained with the CALIOP lidar onboard CALIPSO are used in conjunction with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and NOAA's HYSPLIT trajectory model to document three aerosol export events from East Asia to the Arctic in the year 2007. During each of these events CALIOP sampled the pollution plumes multiple times over periods of five to seven days. Midlatitude cyclones lifted the pollution to the free troposphere with net diabatic heating of ~5 °C day−1 and precipitation in this initial ascending stage. Rapid meridional transport to the Arctic took place at 3–7 km altitude, and was mediated by either a blocking high pressure system in the NW Pacific or a trough-ridge configuration. Once in the Arctic transport was nearly isentropic with slow subsidence and radiative cooling at a rate of 1–1.5 °C day−1. We find good agreement between modeled and observed plumes in terms of length, altitude, thickness and, within the measurement uncertainties, extinction coefficient. In one event the satellite algorithm misclassifies the aerosol layer as ice clouds as a result of the relatively high depolarization ratio (0.06), likely caused by a high dust component in the aerosol mixture. Using 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies for these three events along with eight other export events observed by CALIOP in 2007–2009, we develop a meteorological index that captures 40–60% of the variance of Asian transport events to the Arctic in winter and spring. Simulations with the GEOS-Chem model show that 6 major export events from Asia to the Arctic occur each year, on average. The maximum probability for such events is during March–June, with a secondary maximum in October–November. During these events, Asian pollution and dust aerosols account for 50–70% of the aerosol optical depth over the Siberian sector of the Arctic, compared to a mean background contribution of 33%.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
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    Aerosol direct radiative effects over the northwest Atlantic, northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: estimates based on in-situ chemical and optical measurements and chemical transport modeling (2006)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The largest uncertainty in the radiative forcing of climate change over the industrial era is that due to aerosols, a substantial fraction of which is the uncertainty associated with scattering and absorption of shortwave (solar) radiation by anthropogenic aerosols in cloud-free conditions (IPCC, 2001). Quantifying and reducing the uncertainty in aerosol influences on climate is critical to understanding climate change over the industrial period and to improving predictions of future climate change for assumed emission scenarios. Measurements of aerosol properties during major field campaigns in several regions of the globe during the past decade are contributing to an enhanced understanding of atmospheric aerosols and their effects on light scattering and climate. The present study, which focuses on three regions downwind of major urban/population centers (North Indian Ocean (NIO) during INDOEX, the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWP) during ACE-Asia, and the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (NWA) during ICARTT), incorporates understanding gained from field observations of aerosol distributions and properties into calculations of perturbations in radiative fluxes due to these aerosols. This study evaluates the current state of observations and of two chemical transport models (STEM and MOZART). Measurements of burdens, extinction optical depth (AOD), and direct radiative effect of aerosols (DRE – change in radiative flux due to total aerosols) are used as measurement-model check points to assess uncertainties. In-situ measured and remotely sensed aerosol properties for each region (mixing state, mass scattering efficiency, single scattering albedo, and angular scattering properties and their dependences on relative humidity) are used as input parameters to two radiative transfer models (GFDL and University of Michigan) to constrain estimates of aerosol radiative effects, with uncertainties in each step propagated through the analysis. Constraining the radiative transfer calculations by observational inputs increases the clear-sky, 24-h averaged AOD (34±8%), top of atmosphere (TOA) DRE (32±12%), and TOA direct climate forcing of aerosols (DCF – change in radiative flux due to anthropogenic aerosols) (37±7%) relative to values obtained with "a priori" parameterizations of aerosol loadings and properties (GFDL RTM). The resulting constrained clear-sky TOA DCF is −3.3±0.47, −14±2.6, −6.4±2.1 Wm−2 for the NIO, NWP, and NWA, respectively. With the use of constrained quantities (extensive and intensive parameters) the calculated uncertainty in DCF was 25% less than the "structural uncertainties" used in the IPCC-2001 global estimates of direct aerosol climate forcing. Such comparisons with observations and resultant reductions in uncertainties are essential for improving and developing confidence in climate model calculations incorporating aerosol forcing.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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