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  • learning  (14)
  • Springer  (14)
  • Cell Press
  • PANGAEA
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consumer risk perceptions and information in insurance markets with adverse selection (1996)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 21 (1996), S. 191-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: adverse selection ; hidden information ; informational equilibrium ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Standard models of adverse selection in insurance markets assume policyholders know their loss distributions. This study examines the nature of equilibrium and the equilibrium value of information in competitive insurance markets where consumers lack complete information regarding their loss probabilities. We show that additional private information is privately and socially valuable. When the equilibrium policies separate types, policyholders can deduce the underlying probabilities from the contracts, so it is information on risk type, rather than loss probability per se, that is valuable. We show that the equilibrium is “as if” policyholders were endowed with complete knowledge if, and only if, information is noiseless and costless. If information is noisy, the equilibrium depends on policyholders' prior beliefs and the amount of noise in the information they acquire.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941938
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nearnest behavior of a solitary muddaubing wasp,Sceliphron caementarium (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 315-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: behavioral sequences ; color discrimination ; habituation ; learning ; nest building ; proximate orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mud dauber wasps (Sceliphronspp.)construct nests by sequential flights to gather mud and return it to their aerial nests. Individual S. caementariumdiffer in the mean time spent in four states of construction: approach, daubing, inspection, and departure. Placing a novel object near nests or replacing a white object by a black one resulted in an increase in individuals' approach times but no change in departure times. Removal of objects or replacing a black object by a white one had no effect. A change in the color of objects near nests elicited increased approach times but did not affect departure. S. caementariumappears to memorize three-dimensional objects in the nearnest environment, and changes in the nearnest environment are learned during the approach flight to the nest. The frequency of significant responses to all manipulations decreased with successive visits by the wasps, suggesting habituation to nearnest changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01068058
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resolution of pattern learning by honey bees (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Honey bee ; Apis mellifera ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052240
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Timing of landmark learning by honey bees (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 373-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: honey bee ; Apis mellifera ; landmark ; learning ; memory ; conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054499
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of plant volatiles in host location by the specialist parasitoidMicroplitis croceipes cresson (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 625-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; cotton ; cowpea ; parasitoid ; host location ; kairomones ; olfaction ; induced plant responses ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to determine the primary source of volatile cues within the plant-host complex used by hostseeking freeflying female Microplitis cro-ceipesCresson in flight tunnel bioassays. In single-source and two-choice tests, using wasps given an oviposition experience on either cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)seedlings damaged by corn earworm (CEW; Helicoverpa zeaBoddie), the damaged seedlings were significantly more attractive than the CEW frass, which was in turn more attractive than the larvae themselves. In a series of two-choice wind-tunnel tests, the discriminatory ability of the wasps was examined, following various oviposition experiences. Significantly more wasps flew to plants with “old” damage than to plants with “fresh” damage, regardless of whether they had experience on fresh or old damage. In a comparison of plant species, wasps with only one experience on either hostdamaged cotton or host-damaged cowpea were unable to distinguish between them, and showed no preference for either plant, whereas wasps with multiple experiences on a particular plant preferentially flew to that plant in the choice test. In comparing hosts with nonhosts, wasps successfully learned to distinguish CEW from beet armyworm (BAW; Spodoptera exigua)on cotton but were unable to distinguish CEW from either BAW or cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)on cowpea. The results show the important role played by plant volatiles in the location of hosts by M. croceipesand indicate the wasps’ limitations in discriminating among the various odors. The ecological advantages and disadvantages of this behavior are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048128
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Learning to Recognize Patterns: Changes in the Visual Field with Familiarity (1995)
    Springer
    Optical review 2 (1995), S. 72-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: learning ; familiarity ; visual field ; pattern recognition ; eye movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two studies were conducted to investigate changes which take place in the visual information processing of novel stimuli as they become familiar. Japanese writing characters (Hiragana and Kanji) which were unfamiliar to two native English speaking subjects were presented using a moving window technique to restrict their visual fields. Study time for visual recognition was recorded across repeated sessions, and with varying visual field restrictions. The critical visual field was defined as the size of the visual field beyond which further increases did not improve the speed of recognition performance. In the first study, when the Hiragana patterns were novel, subjects needed to see about half of the entire pattern simultaneously to maintain optimal performance. However, the critical visual field size decreased as familiarity with the patterns increased. These results were replicated in the second study with more complex Kanji characters. In addition, the critical field size decreased as pattern complexity decreased. We propose a three component model of pattern perception. In the first stage a representation of the stimulus must be constructed by the subject, and restricting of the visual field interferes dramatically with this component when stimuli are unfamiliar. With increased familiarity, subjects become able to reconstruct a previous representation from very small, unique segments of the pattern, analogous to the informativeness areas hypothesized by Loftus and Mackworth [J. Exp. Psychol., 4 (1978) 565].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-995-0072-4
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of Neural Networks and PID Control for Performance Improvement of Industrial Robots (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 20 (1997), S. 157-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: robot ; PID control ; neural networks ; learning ; generalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this article, an approach for improving the performance of industrialrobots using multilayer feedforward neural networks is presented. Thecontroller based on this approach consists of two main components: a PIDcontrol and a neural network. The function of the neural network is tocomplement the PID control for the specific purpose of improving theperformance of the system over time. Analytical and experimental resultsconcerning this synthesis of neural networks and PID control are presented.The analytical results assert that the performance of PID-controlledindustrial robots can be improved through proper utilization of the learningand generalization ability of neural networks. The experimental results,obtained through actual implementation using a commercial industrial robot,demonstrate the effectiveness of such control synthesis for practicalapplications. The results of this work suggest that neural networks could beadded to existing PID-controlled industrial robots for performanceimprovement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007952109871
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral and reproductive differences in mice as a function of inbreeding (1989)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 19 (1989), S. 433-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: mice ; inbreeding ; fitness ; reproduction ; learning ; activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty brother-sister pairs of mice were randomly selected from a genetically heterogeneous population of mice to begin a schedule of inbreeding that lasted for six generations (F=0 to F=.732). We examined a number of indices of reproductive behavior and found that all declined as a function of inbreeding. Specifically, there was a consistent decline in the number of fertile matings, in the number of offspring that survived to weaning, and in the weight of the pups at the time of weaning (21 days of age). We also examined a number of behaviors with the following results: there was a systematic increase in the number of trials required to learn an active avoidance task and a consistent decrease in the number of trials required to extinguish this habit. We observed a statistically significant difference in the retention of a passive avoidance habit, but these results were quite variable and not consistent across generations of inbreeding. Finally, we observed that inbreeding had little effect on measures of locomotor behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066169
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using Genetic Algorithms to Model the Evolution of Heterogeneous Beliefs (1999)
    Springer
    Computational economics 13 (1999), S. 41-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9974
    Keywords: genetic algorithms ; learning ; equilibrium selection ; heterogeneous beliefs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We study a general equilibrium system where agents have heterogeneous beliefs concerning realizations of possible outcomes. The actual outcomes feed back into beliefs thus creating a complicated nonlinear system. Beliefs are updated via a genetic algorithm learning process which we interpret as representing communication among agents in the economy. We are able to illustrate a simple principle: genetic algorithms can be implemented so that they represent pure learning effects (i.e., beliefs updating based on realizations of endogenous variables in an environment with heterogeneous beliefs). Agents optimally solve their maximization problem at each date given their beliefs at each date. We report the results of a set of computational experiments in which we find that our population of artificial adaptive agents is usually able to coordinate their beliefs so as to achieve the Pareto superior rational expectations equilibrium of the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008610307810
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of varying parameters on properties of self-organizing feature maps (1996)
    Springer
    Neural processing letters 4 (1996), S. 53-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Keywords: self-organizing feature map ; learning ; parameter ; lateral connection radius ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of self-organizing feature maps is critically dependent on parameters such as lateral connection radius, lateral inhibition intensity, and network size. With no theoretical guidelines for the choice of these parameters, they are usually selected through a trial-and-error process. In order to provide heuristic guidelines for future model designers as well as to give insight into which model features are responsible for specific aspects of maps, we systematically varied these parameters and studied their effects on the properties of a self-organizing feature map. The connectivity radius was found to determine the size of activation clusters quadratically. As the intensity of lateral inhibition was varied, feature patterns varied from stripe-like to clusters in the map, with other intermediate patterns also occurring. The number of clusters of each feature increased nonlinearly as the network size increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454846
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