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  • biological control  (155)
  • Springer  (155)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dispersal ofAleochara bilineata [Col.: Staphylinidae] following inundative releases in urban gardens (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Staphylinidae ; Aleochara bilineata ; beneficial arthropods ; dispersal ; predation ; biological control ; arthropodes utiles ; dissémination ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; Staphylinidae ; Aleochara bilineata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] est un prédateur et un parasite courants de la mouche des racines [Diptera: Anthomyiidae] dans les cultures commerciales et les jardins potagers. Pour évaluer l'activité de dissémination deA. bilineata dans les jardins potagers, on a lâché des coléoptères marqués à raison de 0 et de 1000 en 1987, et de 0, 250, 500, et 1000/jardin potager/semaine en 1988. Trois pour cent des coléoptères ainsi marqués ont été recapturés dans les jardins potagers d'origine. Les populations naturelles deA. bilineata sont très faibles dans tous les jardins potagers et on ne constate aucune augmentation décelable de 1987 à 1988. Les recaptures sont proportionnelles aux taux de lâchers. On n'observe aucune différence significative dans les taux de recapture entre les sexes. Les recaptures et les distributions non uniformes deA. bilineata marqués dans les jardins potagers révèlent qu'ils ont pu voler au moins à 5 km de distance dans les conditions urbaines et choisir certains jardins plutôt que d'autres comme emplacements propices à l'accouplement, la quête de nourriture et l'oviposition.
    Notizen: Abstract Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] is a common predator and endoparasite of root maggot [Diptera: Anthomyiidae] in both commercial crops and home gardens. To test dispersal activity ofA. bilineata in home gardens, marked beetles were released at rates of 0 and 1,000 in 1987 and 0, 250, 500, and 1,000/gardens/wk in 1988. Three percent of marked beetles were recaptured in release gardens. NaturalA. bilineata populations were very small in all gardens, and there was no detectable increase from 1987 to 1988. Recaptures were proportional to release rates. There was no significant difference in recapture rates between sexes. Recaptures and non-uniform distributions of markedA. bilineata in control gardens revealed that they were capable of flying at least 5 km under urban conditions, and of selecting particular gardens as suitable mating, foraging, and oviposition sites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372974
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Consumption of aphid honeydew, a wheat yield reduction factor, by phyllosphere yeasts under field conditions (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 97 (1991), S. 209-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): Sporobolomyces ; Cryptococcus ; biological control ; maneb ; anilazin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Aphid honeydew on wheat leaves can affect host physiology directly and can stimulate infection by necrotrophic pathogens. The role of naturally occurring saprophytes on wheat flag leaves in removing aphid honeydew was examined in five field experiments at different locations in the Netherlands in 1987 and 1988. Aphid populations, saprophyte populations and aphid honeydew were measured weekly. Diseases were monitored at 1–4 week intervals. In the control treatment, sprayed with water, the naturally occurring saprophytes consumed the honeydew almost completely, except in one experiment in which the aphid population increased very rapidly. In the treatments in which the saprophytes were reduced by the broad-spectrum fungicide maneb in 1987 and with maneb alternated with anilazin in 1988, honeydew accumulated. The observed honeydew consumption by the naturally occurring saprophytic population is ascribed mainly to pink and white yeasts (Sporobolomyces spp. andCryptococcus spp., respectively). Additional treatments showed, that in the presence of the naturally occurring saprophytes the yield loss per aphid-infestation-day was lower than when the saprophytes were inhibited by fungicides, showing that yeasts can reduce the detrimental effect of aphid honeydew in wheat.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989819
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex allocation in Epidinocarsis lopezi: local mate competition (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Epidinocarsis lopezi ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; sex ratio ; local mate competition ; biological control ; mass-rearing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé E. lopezi est utilisé dans la lutte biologique contre Phenacoccus manihoti, important ravageur du manioc en Afrique. Puisque seules les femelles du parasitoïde attaquent la cochenille, l'efficacité de l'élevage de masse de l'entomophage sera optimale quand le maximum de femelles saines sera obtenu. Les rapports des sexes des hyménoptères parasites varient très souvent. La compétition sexuelle locale (LMC) constitue l'un des modèles qui fournissent des prédictions de la distribution des sexes. Cette note montre que la proportion des sexes de E. lopezi n'est pas modifiée par la densité du parasitoïde. Par ailleurs, les accouplements s'effectuent au hasard dans la nature et il n'y a pas de structure locale d'accouplement. Par conséquent, le biais, prévu par la théorie du LMC, et introduit par la densité du parasitoïde dans la distribution des sexes, n'a pas de valeur adaptative. E. lopezi ne modifie pas non plus la distribution du sexe de ses descendants quant il pond dans de hôtes déjà parasités. Ainsi, la répartition en taille des hôtes et la mortalité différentielle sont les seuls facteurs qui influent sur la proportion des sexes dans les élevages de masse.
    Notizen: Abstract Epidinocarsis lopezi is used as a biological control agent against the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, a serious pest of cassava in Africa. The efficiency of parasitoid mass-rearing is maximized when maximum numbers of healthy female wasps are obtained, since only female parasitoids attack the mealybugs. Highly variable sex ratios are often found in parasitic Hymenoptera. Local mate competition (LMC) is one of the evolutionary models which provide predictions about sex allocation. In this paper we show that E. lopezi does not respond to parasitoid density with a change in sex ratio. We also show that in the field, no local mating structure exists, and that mating is random. Therefore, a shift in sex ratio in response to parasitoid density as predicted by LMC theory would not be adaptive. E. lopezi also does not change its sex allocation when ovipositing in already parasitized hosts. Hence host-size distribution and differential mortality are the only factors that can influence sex ratio in mass-rearings.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414050
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Competition between Gyranusoidea tebygi and Anagyrus mangicola, parasitoids of the mango mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens: interspecific host discrimination and larval competition (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Gyranusoidea tebygi ; Anagyrus mangicola ; Rastrococcus invadens ; interspecific discrimination ; competition ; biological control ; parasitoids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The competition between Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes and Anagyrus mangicola Noyes (both Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), exotic parasitoids of the mango mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) was studied in the laboratory. No significant differences were found in the way each parasitoid species examined, attacked, stung, and oviposited into hosts, unparasitized, or previously parasitized by the other species. This suggests that neither species discriminates against each other. The total number of parasitoids of either species emerging did not significantly differ between competition experiments. When A. mangicola was the first parasitoid to attack a host, it had no significant advantage over G. tebygi. However, when A. mangicola followed G. tebygi by either 4 or 24 h, it clearly won. Overall A. mangicola won the competition in 70.9% of all cases. The level of the competition, either at the egg or larval stage, and factors responsible for the elimination of older larvae by younger ones could not be assessed in these experiments. The coexistence of the two parasitoids as complementary for the biological control of the mango mealybug is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343337
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Location of immature stages of the mushroom insect pest Megaselia halterata in mushroom-growing medium (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 323-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Agaricus bisporus ; sciarid flies ; Lycoriella auripila ; phorid flies ; Megaselia halterata ; biological control ; insect pathogenic nematodes ; Steinernema feltiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Experiments were conducted to examine the location of oviposition by the phorid fly Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera: Phoridae) in uncased and cased compost. Clearly, a majority of the gravid females choose oviposition sites directly after entering the top layer of the compost. In uncased compost, 60% of all adults emerged from the top of four compost layers of equal thickness. When the compost was covered by a casing layer which was still uncolonized by Agaricus bisporus, oviposition was further concentrated in the top compost layer. In this situation, 91% of all adults emerged from the top compost layer whereas only 1.5% emerged from the casing. When the casing layer was colonized by mushroom mycelium, 45% of all adults emerged from the casing layer and 53% emerged from the top compost layer. Further concentration in the top compost layer and the casing layer occurred as a result of upward migration of larvae. When compost was cased after oviposition, up to 43% of all adults emerged from the casing layer. We concluded that in the control of phorid infestations with insect pathogenic nematodes, applications in uncased compost can be restricted to the upper compost layer. When compost and casing are filled simultaneously, nematode applications in the casing layer only could be considered.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002998916843
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Suitability of greenbugs, cotton aphids, andHeliothis virescens eggs for development and reproduction ofOrius insidiosus (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): prey suitability ; biological control ; plant feeding ; predator ; insidious flower bug ; cotton ; grain sorghum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Development, fecundity, and longevity of the predator,Orius insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), when reared on greenbug [Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)], cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover), or eggs of tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (F.)] with green beans or water were examined. Developmental time was shortest when predators were reared onH. virescens eggs and beans and longest when reared on cotton aphids and water. Predators were most fecund when fedH. virescens eggs. The inclusion of beans in the nymphal diet further enhanced fecundity when fed eggs. Longevity of both females and males was significantly shorter when reared on aphids than on eggs. Beans in the nymphal diet enhanced longevity of female predators only in combination with budworm eggs. FemaleO. insidiosus were largest when reared onH. virescens eggs. Addition of green beans in aphid treatments resulted in increased size ofO. insidiosus when compared to aphids and free water.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383430
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A variable-response model for parasitoid foraging behavior (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 471-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): parasitoids ; foraging behavior ; learning ; experience ; variability ; model ; biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract An important factor inducing variability in foraging behavior in parasitic wasps is experience gained by the insect. Together with the insect's genetic constitution and physiological state, experience ultimately defines the behavioral repertoire under specified environmental circumstances. We present a conceptual variable-response model based on several major observations of a foraging parasitoid's responses to stimuli involved in the hostfinding process. These major observations are that (1) different stimuli evoke different responses or levels of response, (2) strong responses are less variable than weak ones, (3) learning can change response levels, (4) learning increases originally low responses more than originally high responses, and (5) hostderived stimuli serve as rewards in associative learning of other stimuli. The model specifies how the intrinsic variability of a response will depend on the magnitude of the response and predicts when and how learning will modify the insect's behavior. Additional hypotheses related to the model concern how experience with a stimulus modifies behavioral responses to other stimuli, how animals respond in multistimulus situations, which stimuli act to reinforce behavioral responses to other stimuli in the learning process, and finally, how generalist and specialist species differ in their behavioral plasticity. We postulate that insight into behavioral variability in the foraging behavior of natural enemies may be a help, if not a prerequisite, for the efficient application of parasitoids in pest management.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052012
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of Host Pheromone on Egg Parasitism by Scelionid Wasps: Comparison of Phoretic and Nonphoretic Parasitoids (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Telenomus ; Podisus maculiventris ; Euschistus obscurus ; Scelionidae ; kairomone ; biological control ; phoresy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The kairomonal activity of the attractant pheromone for the “spined soldier bug,” Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), was investigated by exposing fresh pentatomid egg masses in field traps with or without synthetic pheromone. Predominantly two parasitoids were recovered from exposed eggs of P. maculiventris and Euschistus obscurus: Telenomus podisi Ashmead (a generalist pentatomid egg parasitoid) and Telenomus calvus Johnson (a phoretic specialist on Podisus eggs) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). The incidences of T. podisi from P. maculiventris and E. obscurus eggs placed in pheromone-baited and nonbaited traps were not significantly different, suggesting that this oophagous wasp does not use the spined soldier bug attractant pheromone as a kairomone. However, T. calvus was reared almost exclusively from egg masses of P. maculiventris placed inside pheromone-baited traps. These results suggest that T. calvus females orient to volatile chemicals emitted by spined soldier bug males as a searching strategy to find areas likely to contain host eggs, in addition to the previously discovered strategy of using the pheromone to guide their phoretic behavior. The data also indicate that T. calvus can distinguish between the egg masses of these pentatomid hosts at close range.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007728012482
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Factors affecting entomophilic activity of Neoaplectana feltiae in mushroom compost (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Neoaplectana feltiae ; Lycoriella solani ; insect parasitic nematodes ; biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The host-searching ability of Neoaplectana feltiae Filipjev (= S. bibionis Bovien) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) in response to larvae of a mushroom fly, Lycoriella solani Winn. was examined in a mushroom substrate. Individuals of L. solani were less attractive for the parasite than larvae of Galleria mellonella L. The nematode juveniles penetrated a 22 cm layer of casing mixture within 2–4 days. In the casing alone nematode effectiveness was better than in mushroom compost or in compost and casing together. In the casing mixture parasite dosages of 20 and 100 juveniles per cm2 led to 22% and 45% parasitization of L. solani respectively, while all G. mellonella larvae were parasitized at both dosages. The prevalence of nematode infection depended on the content of water in the mushroom substrate. The highest N. feltiae infectivity was observed, when the ratio of the dry casing weight to the weight of water content was 1: 2.5. The practical aspects of the observed phenomena, essential for the use of N. feltiae in the protection of commercial mushroom cultivation are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351955
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Superparasitism and sex ratio in the solitary parasitoidEpidinocarsis lopezi (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): super parasitism ; sex ratio ; solitary parasitoid ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Highly variable sex ratios are found in the solitary parasitoidEpidinocarsis lopezi, both in the field and in a mass-rearing situation. Superparasitism is one of a number of factors which can influence sex ratios in parasitoid Hymenoptera. We show that superparasitism inE. lopezi is common in the field. Sex allocation decisions when parasitizing unparasitized hosts are not different from those with parasitized hosts; neither does differential mortality occur between the sexes in superparasitized hosts. Therefore superparasitism does not contribute to the variable sex ratio ofE. lopezi. Both the occurrence of superparasitism and the sex produced when ovipositing are shown to be functional forE. lopezi.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380581
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