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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 49 (2004), S. 271-298 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: One key advantage of eusociality is shared defense of the nest, brood, and stored food; nest defense plays an important role in the biology of eusocial bees. Recent studies on honey bees, Apis mellifera, have focused on the placement of defensive activity in the overall scheme of division of labor, showing that guard bees play a unique and important role in colony defense. Alarm pheromones function in integrating defensive responses; honey bee alarm pheromone is an excellent example of a multicomponent pheromonal blend. The genetic regulation of defensive behavior is now better understood from the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with variation in defensiveness. Colony defense in other eusocial bees is less well understood, but enough information is available to provide interesting comparisons between A. mellifera and other species of Apis, as well as with allodapine, halictine, bombine, and meliponine bees. These comparative studies illustrate the wide variety of evolutionary solutions to problems in colony defense in the Apoidea.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: foraging ; search strategy ; giving-up time ; Ponerinae ; tropical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paraponera clavata workers engage in a period of local search after encountering a small amount of artificial nectar. Giving-up times from local search are not distributed normally; there is a strong skew to longer times. There is no statistically significant relationship between the amount of time required to collect the food and the subsequent search time. Giving-up time in response to the first reward presented to an ant is positively correlated with that ant's response to a second such reward. However, giving-up times diminish when an ant is presented with a series of rewards. Local search is a function of individual strategies, which remain relatively constant in the short term.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Formicidae ; Ponerinae ; Paraponera clavata ; Costa Rica ; giving-up time ; search strategy ; resource patch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Giving-up times in resource patches by workers of the giant tropical ant,Paraponera clavata, are associated with travel time and reward volume but not reward concentration. The discovery of an artificial nectar reward stimulates local search which is centered around the initial reward site. Longer giving-up times increase the likelihood that a worker will find a second reward, but the search appears to be more effective for renewed rewards at the same location than for nearby rewards. When workers are near the colony, larger rewards cause the workers to stop searching and to initiate recruitment behavior. At patches distant from the nest, the threshold in reward volume for recruitment is much higher. These results are consistent with expectations for search strategies when energy expenditure in search is minimal, resources are renewable, and recruitment can occur.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Nauphoeta cinerea ; cockroach ; dominance hierarchy ; social behavior ; agonistic behavior ; familiarity ; assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of social experience on rates of agonistic behavior was investigated in a cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea. Social experience was manipulated by establishing three types of groups of four identically aged males: (1) ran-domly chosen, socially naive males (control); (2) males of similar status and activity level (from treatment 1); and (3) males returned to their original hierarchy after experiencing treatment 2. In the control groups, we found stable hierarchies, significant differences in the rate of agonistic behaviors exhibited among different status males, and a significant relationship between social status and level of agonism. We also compare activity levels within and among groups after males had novel social experiences. Among similar status individuals, we found less activity than when they wereintheir original groups. When males were returned to their original groups, the level of activity increased compared to the level of activity before treatment. The social status of males was unstable after these treatments. Losing tended to result in relatively more subordinate behavior, and winning in relatively more dominant behavior by a male. Within groups, the rate of agonism also increased over 5 days in groups of males that had no previous interactions with each other, while the rate of agonism remained the same in groups of familiar males. We interpret these results in light of male-male assessment and the maintenance of social status in this species.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 463-469 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: stingless bees ; Melipona ; nestmate recognition ; Apis mellifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The possible significance of nestmate recognition in prevention of robbing and parasitism in three species of stingless bees was assessed. Nestmate discrimination abilities vary among them; Melipona quadrifasciataworkers attacked 74% of nonnestmate conspecifics that were encountered, while M. scutellarisand M. rufiventriswere less discriminating, attacking only 14 and 60% of non-nestmates, respectively. In tests of interspecific interactions, M. quadrifasciataand M. scutellariswere the least mutually tolerant of all species pairs tested. Tests with Apis melliferashowed a high degree of intolerance by two of the three Meliponaspecies.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 346 (1990), S. 707-707 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] PAGE ET AL. REPLY-Carlin and Frumhoff suggest that a reduced number of subfamilies ('partrilines' derived from different fathers) may lead to atypical behaviour, citing the study of Hogen-doorn and Velthuis8 as evidence. Hogen-doorn and Velthuis established colonies that had two distinguishable ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 362 (1993), S. 120-120 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] BREED REPLIES — Getz, of course, is quite wrong: his critique fails on both empirical and logical grounds. Empirically, he suggests that hexadecane might simply be overpowering methyl docosanoate at the concentrations used, and that had a series of ratios been tried we might have found a pair ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 357 (1992), S. 685-686 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] There are several models of template formation that explain how social insects might integrate a number of cues to discriminate kin from non-kin (or nestmates from non-nestmates)1'2. Getz1 used simple allelic modelling to show that social insects could base discrimination either on the presence of ...
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 333 (1988), S. 299-299 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] EARLY models for the evolution of worker caste in social insects assumed that there is little genetic variation in the social unit1. But recent genetic studies show that colonies of many species incorporate considerable variation2, either because many queens are present (polygyny)3 or because the ...
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Eine neue Beobachtungsmethode wird verwendet, um das Verhalten vonLasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) zu analysieren. Drei Gruppen werden dabei untersucht: Königinnen, Wächter und Sammelbienen. Diese Gruppen zeigen wesentliche Unterschiede in einigen Verhaltensmerkmalen. Es wurde nie beobachtet, dass Wächter eines Volkes die eines anderen Volkes passierten, was ein gewöhnliches Verhalten für Bienen von selben Volke ist. Sammelbienen und Königinnen dagegen passieren häufig. Wächter rufen in Sammelbienen öfter unterwürfiges Verhalten hervor als umgekehrt. 2. Königinnen sind in zwei Körpermessungen wesentlich grösser als Wächter, und Wächter wesentlich grösser als Sammelbienen. Im Durchschnitt haben Königinnen den grössten Eierstock, Wächter den zweitgrössten und Sammelbienen den Kleinsten. 3. Eine Beziehung zwischen Eierstockentwicklung und dominantem Verhalten kann angenommen, aber nicht schlüssig bewiesen werden. 4. Junge, einen Tag alte Bienen mit noch keinerlei sozialer Erfahrung zeigen normales soziales Verhalten und passieren andere Bienen, was fünf Tage alte, un erfahrene Bienen dagegen nicht tun. Es gibt offensichtlich eine kritische Periode in der Varhaltensentwicklung der Einzeltiere, nach der sie kein normales Verhalten zeigen können. 5. Treffen Mitglieder verschiedener Gruppen aufeinander, so können Einzeltiere schnell den Status ihres Gegenübers einschätzen und die angemessene Verhaltensreation zeigen.
    Notes: Summary 1. A new method of observation is used to assay the behavior of three groups of individuals from colonies ofLasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). These groups (queens, guards, and foragers) differ significantly in several behavioral attributes. Guards were never observed to pass non-nestmate guards, a common interaction among nestmates. Foragers and queens pass frequently. Guards elicit submissive behavior from foragers more frequently than foragers elicit submissive behavior in guards. 2. Queens are significantly larger in two body size measurements than guards, and guards are significantly larger than foragers. Queens have the largest ovaries, guards the second largest, and foragers the smallest, on the average. 3. A relationship between ovarian development and dominance behavior is suggested but not conclusively demonstrated. 4. Young (1 day old) bees with no social experience engage in normal social interactions, including passing, but older (5 day old) inexperienced bees do not pass; there is apparently a critical period in the behavioral development of individuals after which the cannot engage in normal social interactions. 5. In encounters between members of different groups individuals can rapidly assess the status of the individual which they are encountering and display the appropriate behavioral response.
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