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  • Elevated CO2  (4)
  • Allocation  (3)
  • Springer  (7)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Oxford University Press
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  • Springer  (7)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Oxford University Press
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of elevated CO2 on interactions betwe en the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 109 (1997), S. 286-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsAsclepias syriaca ; Elevated CO2 ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; Thrips ; Herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We measured the effect of elevated CO2 on populations of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis and on the amount of leaf damage inflicted by the thrips to one of its host plants, the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. Plants grown at elevated CO2 had significantly greater aboveground biomass and C:N ratios, and significantly reduced percentage nitrogen. The number of thrips per plant was not affected by CO2 treatment, but the density of thrips (numbers per gram aboveground biomass), was significantly reduced at high CO2. Consumption by thrips, expressed as the amount of damaged leaf area per capita, was significantly greater at high CO2, and the amount of leaf area damaged by thrips was increased by 33%. However overall leaf area at elevated CO2 increased by 62%, more than compensating for the increase in thrips consumption. The net outcome was that plants at elevated CO2 had 3.6 times more undamaged leaf area available for photosynthesis than plants at ambient CO2, even though they had only 1.6 times the overall amount of leaf area. This study highlights the need for measuring the effects of herbivory at the whole-plant level and also the importance of taking herbivory into account when predicting plant responses to elevated CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050085
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated CO2 enhances resprouting of a tropical savanna tree (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 123 (2000), S. 312-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Savanna ; Cerrado ; Fire ; Elevated CO2 ; Carbohydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The savannas (cerrado) of south-central Brazil are currently subjected to frequent anthropogenic burning, causing widespread reduction in tree density. Increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 could reduce the impact of such frequent burning by increasing the availability of nonstructural carbohydrate, which is necessary for resprouting. We tested the hypotheses that elevated CO2 stimulates resprouting and accelerates replenishment of carbohydrate reserves. Using a factorial experiment, seedlings of a common Brazilian savanna tree, Keilmeyera coriacea, were grown at 350 ppm and 700 ppm CO2 and at two nutrient levels. To simulate burning, the plants were either clipped at 15 weeks or were left unclipped. Among unclipped plants, CO2 and nutrients both stimulated growth, with no significant interaction between nutrient and CO2 effects. Among clipped plants, both CO2 and nutrients stimulated resprouting. However, there was a strong interaction between CO2 and nutrient effects, with CO2 having a significant effect only in the presence of high nutrient availability. Under elevated CO2, carbohydrate reserves remained at higher levels following clipping. Root total nonstructural carbohydrate remained above 36% in all treatments, so carbohydrate reserves did not limit regrowth. These results indicate that under elevated CO2 this species may be better able to endure the high frequency of anthropogenic burning in the Brazilian savannas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420051017
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allocation, within and between organs, and the dynamics of root length changes in two birch species (1995)
    Springer
    Oecologia 101 (1995), S. 439-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Allocation ; Betula ; Biomass ; Nutrients ; Root length dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spatial and temporal dynamics of biomass allocation within and between organs were investigated in seedlings of two birch species of contrasting successional status. Seedlings of Betula alleghaniensis Britt (yellow birch) and B. populifolia Marsh (gray birch) were grown for 6 weeks at two nutrient levels in rectangular plexiglass containers to allow non-destructive estimates of root growth, production and loss. Leaf area and production were simultaneously monitored. Yellow birch responded more to nutrient level than gray birch in terms of total biomass, shoot biomass, leaf area and root length. Yellow birch also flexibly altered within-organ allocation (specific leaf area, specific root length and specific soil amount). In contrast, gray birch altered between-organ allocation patterns (root length:leaf area and soil amount:leaf area ratios) more than yellow birch in response to nutrient level. Yellow birch showed greater overall root density changes within a very compact root system, while gray birch showed localized root density changes as concentric bands of new root production spread through the soil. Species differ critically in their responses of standing root length and root production and loss rates to nutrient supply. Early successional species such as gray birch are hypothesized to exhibit higher plasticity in varied environments than later successional species such as yellow birch. Our results suggest that different patterns of allocation, within and between plant organs, do not necessarily follow the same trajectories. To characterize thoroughly the nature of functional flexibility through ontogeny, within- and between-organ patterns of allocation must be accounted for.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329422
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated CO2 differentially alters the responses of coocurring birch and maple seedlings to a moisture gradient (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 90 (1992), S. 300-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Elevated CO2 ; Moisture gradient ; Biomass ; Niche breadth ; Gray birch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To determine the effects of elevated CO2 and soil moisture status on growth and niche characteristics of birch and maple seedlings, gray birch (Betula populifolia) and red maple (Acer rubrum) were experimentally raised along a soil moisture gradient ranging from extreme drought to flooded conditions at both ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. The magnitude of growth enhancement due to CO2 was largely contingent on soil moisture conditions, but differently so for maple than for birch seedlings. Red maple showed greatest CO2 enhancements under moderately moist soil conditions, whereas gray birch showed greatest enhancements under moderately dry soil conditions. Additionally, CO2 had a relatively greater ameliorating effect in flooded conditions for red maple than for gray birch, whereas the reverse pattern was true for these species under extreme drought conditions. For both species, elevated CO2 resulted in a reduction in niche breadths on the moisture gradient; 5% for gray birch and 23% for red maple. Species niche overlap (proportional overall) was also lower at elevated CO2 (0.98 to: 0.88: 11%). This study highlights the utility of of experiments crossing CO2 levels with gradients of other resources as effective tools for elucidating the potential consequences of elevated CO2 on species distributions and potential interactions in natural communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317191
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limitations to CO2-induced growth enhancement in pot studies (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 94 (1993), S. 550-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Elevated CO2 ; Growth enhancement ; Nutrients ; Pot size ; Root restriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recently, it has been suggested that small pots may reduce or eliminate plant responses to enriched CO2 atmospheres due to root restriction. While smaller pot volumes provide less physical space available for root growth, they also provide less nutrients. Reduced nutrient availability alone may reduce growth enhancement under elevated CO2. To investigate the relative importance of limited physical rooting space separate from and in conjunction with soil nutrients, we grew plants at ambient and double-ambient CO2 levels in growth containers of varied volume, shape, nutrient concentration, and total nutrient content. Two species (Abutilon theophrasti, a C3 dicot with a deep tap root andSetaria faberii, a C4 monocot with a shallow diffuse root system) were selected for their contrasting physiology and root architecture. Shoot demography was determined weekly and biomass was determined after eight and ten weeks of growth. Increasing total nutrients, either by increasing nutrient concentration or by increasing pot size, increased plant growth. Further, increasing pot size while maintaining equal total nutrients per pot resulted in increased total biomass for both species. CO2-induced growth and reproductive yield enhancements were greatest in pots with high nutrient concentrations, regardless of total nutrient content or pot size, and were also mediated by the shape of the pot. CO2-induced growth and reproductive yield enhancements were unaffected by pot size (growth) or were greater in small pots (reproductive yield), regardless of total nutrient content, contrary to predictions based on earlier studies. These results suggest that several aspects of growth conditions within pots may influence the CO2 responses of plants; pot size, pot shape, the concentration and total amount of nutrient additions to pots may lead to over-or underestimates of the CO2 responses of real-world plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566971
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantification of plasticity of plant traits in response to light intensity: comparing phenotypes at a common weight (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 78 (1989), S. 502-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Plasticity ; Light intensity ; Allocation ; Abutilon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plasticity of plant traits is commonly quantified by comparing different phenotypes at the same age. In this paper, we present a method in which the effect of resource conditions on plant weight is used as a basis for quantifying the plasticity of individual plant traits. Abutilon theophrasti individuals were grown in, and some transferred between, high and low intensity light conditions, resulting in four phenotypes. Plant traits were found to exhibit different degrees of plasticity, decreasing in this order: height; specific leaf area; allocation to branch roots; allocation to leaf area; number of nodes; allocation to tap roots; allocation to stem; allocation to leaf weight. Under these conditions, individuals of the four phenotypes had very similar heights when compared at the same age, but very different heights when compared at the same plant weight. The latter comparison indicates that light intensity influences height independently of its influence on plant weight. Individuals that were transferred from high to low light had greater allocation that had not been transferred, but individuals of all phenotypes had nearly the same leaf weight allocation when compared at the same plant weight. The latter comparison indicates that light intensity influeces leaf weight allocation mostly by influencing plant weight. In the phenotype resulting from the transfer of plants from low to high light, reproduction was stimulated much less than plant weight and axillary leaf growth, and reproductive allocation was delayed relative to the other three phenotypes. We conclude that when plasticity is measured by comparing phenotypes at the same plant weight, the effects of resources on plant size can be excluded from the quantification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378741
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance and allocation patterns of the perennial herb, Plantago lanceolata, in response to simulated herbivory and elevated CO2 environments (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 87 (1991), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Allocation ; Compensatory growth ; Defoliation ; Reproductive effort ; Seed quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We tested the prediction that plants grown in elevated CO2 environments are better able to compensate for biomass lost to herbivory than plants grown in ambient CO2 environments. The herbaceous perennial Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) was grown in either near ambient (380 ppm) or enriched (700 ppm) CO2 atmospheres, and then after 4 weeks, plants experienced either 1) no defoliation; 2) every fourth leaf removed by cutting; or 3) every other leaf removed by cutting. Plants were harvested at week 13 (9 weeks after simulated herbivory treatments). Vegetative and reproductive weights were compared, and seeds were counted, weighed, and germinated to assess viability. Plants grown in enriched CO2 environments had significantly greater shoot weights, leaf areas, and root weights, yet had significantly lower reproductive weights (i.e. stalks + spikes + seeds) and produced fewer seeds, than plants grown in ambient CO2 environments. Relative biomass allocation patterns further illustrated differences in plants grown in ambient CO2 environments. Relative biomass allocation patterns further illustrated differences in plant responses to enriched CO2 atmospheres: enriched CO2-grown plants only allocated 10% of their carbon resources to reproduction whereas ambient CO2-grown plants allocated over 20%. Effects of simulated herbivory on plant performance were much less dramatic than those induced by enriched CO2 atmospheres. Leaf area removal did not reduce shoot weights or reproductive weights of plants in either CO2 treatment relative to control plants. However, plants from both CO2 treatments experienced reductions in root weights with leaf area removal, indicating that plants compensated for lost above-ground tissues, and maintained comparable levels of reproductive output and seed viability, at the expense of root growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323777
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