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  • Transactions  (2)
  • glutamine synthetase  (2)
  • Springer  (4)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Oxford University Press
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  • Springer  (4)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Oxford University Press
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distributed optimistic concurrency control with reduced rollback (1987)
    Springer
    Distributed computing 2 (1987), S. 45-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0452
    Keywords: Database systems ; Concurrency ; Optimistic protocols ; Distributed algorithms ; Rollbacks ; Transactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Concurrency control algorithms have traditionally been based on locking and timestamp ordering mechanisms. Recently optimistic schemes have been proposed. In this paper a distributed, multi-version, optimistic concurrency control scheme is described which is particularly advantageous in a query-dominant environment. The drawbacks of the original optimistic concurrency control scheme, namely that inconsistent views may be seen by transactions (potentially causing unpredictable behavior) and that read-only transactions must be validated and may be rolled back, have been eliminated in the proposed algorithm. Read-only transactions execute in a completely asynchronous fashion and are therefore processed with very little overhead. Furthermore, the probability that read-write transactions are rolled back has been reduced by generalizing the validation algorithm. The effects of global transactions on local transaction processing are minimized. The algorithm is also free from dedlock and cascading rollback problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01786254
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrency control optimizations in a prolog database (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of parallel programming 19 (1990), S. 185-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7640
    Keywords: Transactions ; Prolog databases ; optimistic concurrency control ; optimizations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The degree of concurrency allowed by a concurrency control scheme depends on the knowledge it has about the database and the transactions. This paper analyzes the syntactic information available in a Prolog database to improve concurrency. An optimistic concurrency control scheme is chosen since it is a natural choice for Prolog databases. The conflict criteria among transactions in a Prolog environment is translated into conditions on the query search tree. This aids in identifying concurrency related information from the depth-first search execution strategy. A spesented in stages such that progressively more information is considered to construct the read and the write sets (required to check conflicts) and better concurrency is achieved. An orthogonal contribution of the information analysis is a new query evaluation optimization. The price for better concurrency is paid in terms of increased storage and computation costs. The optimality of the algorithms with respect to the available information and derived concurrency is discussed qualitatively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01407954
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two classes of differentially regulated glutamine synthetase genes are expressed in the soybean nodule: a nodule-specific class and a constitutively expressed class (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 971-983 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA sequence ; gene family ; glutamine synthetase ; soybean nodules ; cotyledons ; hybrid-select translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have characterized two sets of cDNA clones representing the glutamine synthetase (GS) mRNA in soybean nodules. Using the 3′-untranslated regions of a representative member of each set, as gene member(s) specific probes, we have shown that one set of the GS genes are expressed in a nodule-specific manner, while the other set is expressed in other tissues, besides the nodules. The nodule-specific GS genes are expressed in a developmentally regulated manner in the nodules, independent of the onset of nitrogen fixation. The other class of GS genes is expressed constitutively in all tissues tested, but its expression level is dramatically enhanced in nodules following onset of N2 fixation. The latter set of genes is also expressed in cotyledons of germinating seedlings in a developmentally regulated manner. Analysis of hybrid select translation products and genomic Southern blots suggests that multiple gene members in each class are expressed in the nodules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028970
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Down-regulation of specific members of the glutamine synthetase gene family in alfalfa by antisense RNA technology (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 535-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: alfalfa ; antisense ; gene family ; glutamine synthetase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of NH3 with glutamate to produce glutamine. In plants GS is an octameric enzyme and is located either in the cytoplasm (GS1) or in the chloroplast (GS2). Two distinct classes of GS1 genes with unique 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR) have been identified in alfalfa. We have demonstrated that the two classes exhibit differential expression pattern in the different plant organs suggesting different functional roles for the different isozymes. To determine the functional significance ofss the two classes of GS1 genes in alfalfa, we have utilized antisense gene constructs aimed specifically at the 3′UTR of the two GS1 genes and introduced them individually into alfalfa. Our data show that the gene constructs are effective in lowering the corresponding transcript level very effectively though there were organ-specific differences in the level of reduction. No transcript corresponding to the antisense gene construct was detected in any of the alfalfa transformants though they accumulated to significant levels in transgenic tobacco containing the same construct. This suggests that the antisense transcript was not stable in the presence of the homologous target sequence. Transgenic alfalfa with up to 80% reduction in the transcript level corresponding to each gene class, however, showed no reduction in GS activity or GS1 polypeptide level. The results suggest that GS1 mRNA levels are not rate-limiting for GS1 polypeptide synthesis and that GS1 levels are controlled both at the transcriptional and translational/post-translational level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006099512706
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