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  • Springer  (12,876)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (2,003)
  • MDPI Publishing  (1,195)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal stability of Cu/Ta/GaAs multilayers (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 3367-3369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Copper metallization for GaAs was evaluated by using Cu/Ta/GaAs multilayers for its thermal stability. A thin Ta layer of 40 nm was sputtered on the GaAs substrate as the diffusion barrier before copper film metallization. As judged from sheet resistance, x-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the Cu/Ta films with GaAs were very stable up to 500 °C without migration into GaAs. After 550 °C annealing, the interfacial mixing of Ta with GaAs substrate occurred, resulting in the formation of TaAs2. At 600 °C annealing, the reaction GaAs with Ta and Cu formed TaAs, TaAs2, and Cu3Ga, resulting from Cu migration and interfacial instability. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1328094
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Silicon dispersoid nucleation within the aluminum 1.0 wt. % silicon metallization alloy used in very large scale integration (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 1592-1600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The nucleation behavior of silicon precipitates within the aluminum/1.0 weight-percent-silicon (Al/1 wt. % Si) metalization alloy used in integrated circuits is studied by means of classical nucleation theory. The volume free energy and interfacial energy, which dominate nucleation behavior, are estimated, and activation energy barriers are calculated. On the basis of this phenomenological analysis, the relative roles of different nucleation models can be compared for different thermal environments, and the dominant precipitation mechanism can be predicted. The calculated free energy barrier for silicon precipitate nucleation ranges from 0.23 to 727 eV. These values are comparable to the available experimental data in the literature. Modifications can be made for calculations regarding other alloy systems used as very large scale integration metallization materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.346637
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoluminescence of three phonon replicas of the bound exciton in undoped InGaP prepared by liquid phase epitaxy (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 2886-2888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopies are employed to study undoped InGaP layers grown on GaAs (100) substrates at 750 °C by liquid phase epitaxy. There are four peaks in the photoluminescence spectrum in the energy range between 1.55 and 2.25 eV. Besides a bound exciton recombination, three longitudinal optical phonon replicas with one superimposed donor-acceptor emission are identified based upon their dependences of emission energies on temperature and excitation intensity. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360031
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid phase crystallization of amorphous Si1−xGex films deposited on SiO2 by molecular beam epitaxy (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 3042-3047 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated solid phase crystallization behavior of the molecular beam epitaxy grown amorphous Si1−xGex (x=0 to 0.53) alloy layers using x-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our results show that the thermal budget for the full crystallization of the film is significantly reduced as the Ge concentration in the film is increased. In addition, we find that a pure amorphous Si film crystallizes with a strong (111) texture while that of the Si1−xGex alloy film crystallizes with a (311) texture suggesting that the solid phase crystallization mechanism is changed by the incorporation of Ge. TEM analysis of the crystallized film shows that the grain morphology of the pure Si is an elliptical and/or a dendrite shape with a high density of microtwins in the grains while that of the Si0.47Ge0.53 alloy is more or less equiaxed shape with a much lower density of defects. From these results, we conclude that the crystallization mechanism changes from a twin-assisted growth mode to a random growth mode as the Ge concentration in the film is increased. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358654
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoluminescence from ordered and disordered Si-SiGe superlattices (1996)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1295-1303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ordered (Ord-SL) and disordered (Dis-SL) Si-SiGe superlattices are grown using ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapour deposition (UHVCVD). The results of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and high-resolution double crystal x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) indicate that high quality Si-SiGe superlattices can be achieved. Well-defined band-edge excitonic luminescence is observed for the Si0.86Ge0.14-Si superlattice. Stronger phosoluminescence (PL) is observed for the Si-SiGe disordered superlattice compared with the corresponding Si-SiGe ordered superlattice. Furthermore, PL peak energy of the Dis-SL shifts to lower value with respect to the peak position of the corresponding Ord-SL. The stronger intensity of the no-phonon (NP) peak and the red shift of the PL peak are possibly a result of two probable mechanisms: (i) the tunnelling effect and (ii) the formation of localized states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326202
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of recombinant rhodostomin in studying cell adhesion (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 4 (1997), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Kistrin ; Disintegrin ; Integrin ; Extracellular matrix ; Metastasis ; Bone marrow stromal cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rhodostomin from venom ofAgkistrodon rhodostoma (also calledCalloselasma rhodostoma) contains 68 amino acid residues including 6 pairs of disulfide bonds and an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence at positions 49–51. It has been known as one of the strongest antagonists to platelet aggregation among the family termed disintegrin. In this review paper, in addition to introducing the characteristics of disintegrin and its related molecules, the advantages of using recombinant DNA technology to produce rhodostomin are described. The recombinant rhodostomin has been demonstrated to facilitate cell adhesion via interaction between the RGD motif of rhodostomin and integrins on the cell surface. This property allowed us to use the recombinant rhodostomin as an extracellular matrix to study cell adhesion and to distinguish attachment efficiency between two melanoma cell lines B16-F1 and B16-F10, the former is a low metastasis cell while the latter is a high metastasis cell. Furthermore, by using the recombinant rhodostomin as a substrate, osteoprogenitor-like cells are able to be selected and enriched within 3 days from rat bone marrow which contains a heterogeneous cell population. Finally, we show that the recombinant rhodostomin can be immobilized on beads and which serve as an affinity column to dissect cell-surface protein(s) binding to the RGD motif of rhodostomin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253423
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular analysis of survival motor neuron (SMN) and neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) genes of spinal muscular atrophy patients and their parents (1997)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 100 (1997), S. 577-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have assayed deletions of two candidate genes for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the survival motor neuron (SMN) and neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) genes, in 101 patients from 86 Chinese SMA families. Deletions of exons 7 and 8 of the telomeric SMN gene were detected in 100%, 78.6%, 96.6%, and 16.7%, in type I, II, III, and adult-onset SMA patients, respectively. Deletion of exon 7 only was found in eight type II and one type III patient. One type II patient did not have a deletion of either exon 7 or 8. The prevalence of deletions of exons 5 and 6 of the NAIP gene were 22.5% and 2.4% in type I and II SMA patients, respectively. We also examined four polymorphisms of SMN genes and found that there were only two, SMN-2 and CBCD541-2, in Chinese subjects. In our study, analysis of the ratio of the telomeric to centromeric portion (T/C ratio) of the SMN gene after enzyme digestion was performed to differentiate carriers, normals, and SMA patients. We found the T/C ratio of exon 7 of the SMN gene differed significantly among the three groups, and may be used for carrier analysis. An asymptomatic individual with homozygous deletion of exons 7 and 8 of the SMN gene showed no difference in microsatellite markers in the SMA-related 5q11.2–5q13.3. In conclusion, SMN deletion in clinically presumed child-onset SMA should be considered as confirmation of the diagnosis. However, adult-onset SMA, a heterogeneous disease with phenotypical similarities to child-onset SMA, may be caused by SMN or other gene(s).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004390050555
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Structural Variations of ε-Amino Groups in Phospholipase A2 Enzymes from Naja naja atra and Bungarus Multicinctus Venoms (1997)
    Springer
    The protein journal 16 (1997), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Phospholipase A2 ; structural variations of side chains ; modification of lysine residues ; electrophoretic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Comparative studies on Naja naja atra phospholipase A2 (NNA-PLA2), Bungarus multicinctus phospholipase A2 (BM-PLA2), and their Lys-modified derivatives were made to assess the differences in the fine structures around the conserved Lys residues of PLA2 enzymes. It was found that the accessibility of Lys residues of PLA2 enzymes toward modified reagent, trinitrobenzene sulfonate, were not the same. Moreover, the extent of decrease in pI values of PLA2 enzymes that resulted from trinitrophenylation of lysine residues was different between NNA-PLA2 and BM-PLA2. The Lys-6 of BM-PLA2 mostly contributed to the positively charged character of the enzyme molecule, whereas the contribution of Lys-6 of NNA-PLA2 to its molecular charge was not notably different from other Lys residues. A linear relationship was observed by plotting the mobilities of PLA2 enzymes and their TNP derivatives against their pI values. However, native and Lys-modified NNA-PLA2 were not aligned with those of BM-PLA2 in the same line. Apparently the gross conformation of PLA2 enzymes was not notably perturbed by the modification of Lys residues, but the fine structure of NNA-PLA2 was not the same as that of BM-PLA2. These results indicate that the positioning of side chains of the conserved Lys residues in the two PLA2 enzymes is essentially different, and suggest that the variations in the fine structures of homologous proteins could be effectively explored by chemical modification studies and electrophoretic analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026394118064
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy transfer from tryptophan residues of proteins to 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate (1994)
    Springer
    The protein journal 13 (1994), S. 635-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Trp fluorescence ; energy transfer ; 8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The binding of the apolar fluorescent dye 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate (ANS) to bovine serum albumin (BSA), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), ovalbumin, lysozyme, cobrotoxin and N-acetyltryptophanamide was used to assess the factors affecting the efficiency of energy transfer from Trp residues to the ANS molecule. We found that the efficiency of energy transfer from Trp residues to ANS was associated with the ability of proteins to enhance the ANS fluorescence. At the same molar concentration of protein, BSA enhanced ANS fluorescence most among these proteins; its Trp fluorescence was drastically quenched by the addition of ANS. Fluorescence enhancement of ANS in PLA2-ANS complex increased upon addition of Ca2+ or change of the buffer to acidicpH, resulting in a higher efficiency of energy transfer from Trp residues to ANS. There was limited ANS fluorescence enhancement with ovalbumin, lysozyme, cobrotoxin, and N-acetyltryptophanamide and a less efficient quenching in Trp fluorescence. The capabilities of proteins for binding with ANS correlated with the decrease in their Trp fluorescence being quenching by ANS. However, the microenvironment surrounding Trp residues of proteins did not affect the energy transfer. Based on these results, the factors that affected the energy transfer from Trp residues to ANS are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01890462
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional involvement of Lys-6 in the enzymatic activity of phospholipase A2 fromBungarus multicinctus (Taiwan banded krait) snake venom (1994)
    Springer
    The protein journal 13 (1994), S. 641-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Snake venom ; phospholipase A2 ; chemical modification of Lys-6
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) fromBungarus multicinctus snake venom was subjected to Lys modification with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzoate and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, and one major carboxydinitrophenylated (CDNP) PLA2 and two trinitrophenylated (TNP) derivatives (TNP-1 and TNP-2) were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results of amino acid analysis and sequence determination revealed that CDNP-PLA2 and TNP-1 contained one modified Lys residue at position 6, and both Lys-6 and Lys-62 were modified in TNP-2. It seemed that the Lys-6 was more accessible to modified reagents than other Lys residues in PLA2. Modification of Lys-6 caused a 94% drop in enzymatic activity as observed with CDNP-PLA2 and TNP-1. Alternatively, the enzyme modified on both Lys-6 and Lys-62 retained little PLA2 activity. Either carboxydinitrophenylation or trinitrophenylation did not significantly affect the secondary structure of the enzyme molecule as revealed by the CD spectra, and Ca2+ binding and antigenicity of Lys-6-modified PLA2 were unaffected. Conversion of nitro groups to amino groups resulted in a partial restoration of enzymatic activity of CDNP-PLA2 to 32% of that of PLA2. It reflected that the positively charged side chain of Lys-6 might play an exclusive role in PLA2 activity. The TNP derivatives could be regenerated with hydrazine hydrochloride. The biological activity of the regenerated PLA2 is almost the same as that of native PLA2. These results suggest that the intact Lys-6 is essential for the enzymatic activity of PLA2, and that incorporation of a bulky CDNP or TNP group on Lys-6 might give rise to a distortion of the interaction between substrate and the enzyme molecule, and the active conformation of PLA2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01890463
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