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  • 1
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    Volume change associated with formation and dissociation of hydrate in sediment (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 11 (2010): Q03007, doi:10.1029/2009GC002667.
    Description: Gas hydrate formation and dissociation in sediments are accompanied by changes in the bulk volume of the sediment and can lead to changes in sediment properties, loss of integrity for boreholes, and possibly regional subsidence of the ground surface over areas where methane might be produced from gas hydrate in the future. Experiments on sand, silts, and clay subject to different effective stress and containing different saturations of hydrate formed from dissolved phase tetrahydrofuran are used to systematically investigate the impact of gas hydrate formation and dissociation on bulk sediment volume. Volume changes in low specific surface sediments (i.e., having a rigid sediment skeleton like sand) are much lower than those measured in high specific surface sediments (e.g., clay). Early hydrate formation is accompanied by contraction for all soils and most stress states in part because growing gas hydrate crystals buckle skeletal force chains. Dilation can occur at high hydrate saturations. Hydrate dissociation under drained, zero lateral strain conditions is always associated with some contraction, regardless of soil type, effective stress level, or hydrate saturation. Changes in void ratio during formation-dissociation decrease at high effective stress levels. The volumetric strain during dissociation under zero lateral strain scales with hydrate saturation and sediment compressibility. The volumetric strain during dissociation under high shear is a function of the initial volume average void ratio and the stress-dependent critical state void ratio of the sediment. Other contributions to volume reduction upon hydrate dissociation are related to segregated hydrate in lenses and nodules. For natural gas hydrates, some conditions (e.g., gas production driven by depressurization) might contribute to additional volume reduction by increasing the effective stress.
    Description: This research was initially supported by the Chevron Joint Industry Project on Methane Hydrates under contract DE‐FC26‐01NT41330 from the U.S. Department of Energy to Georgia Tech. Additional support was provided to J. Y. Lee by KIGAM, GHDO, and MKE and J. C. Santamarina by the Goizueta Foundation.
    Keywords: Gas hydrate ; Hydrate-bearing sediment ; Phase transformation ; Strain
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Parametric study of the physical properties of hydrate-bearing sand, silt, and clay sediments : 1. Electromagnetic properties (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (2010): B11104, doi:10.1029/2009JB006669.
    Description: The marked decrease in bulk electrical conductivity of sediments in the presence of gas hydrates has been used to interpret borehole electrical resistivity logs and, to a lesser extent, the results of controlled source electromagnetic surveys to constrain the spatial distribution and predicted concentration of gas hydrate in natural settings. Until now, an exhaustive laboratory data set that could be used to assess the impact of gas hydrate on the electromagnetic properties of different soils (sand, silt, and clay) at different effective stress and with different saturations of hydrate has been lacking. The laboratory results reported here are obtained using a standard geotechnical cell and the hydrate-formed tetrahydrofuran (THF), a liquid that is fully miscible in water and able to produce closely controlled saturations of hydrate from dissolved phase. Both permittivity and electrical conductivity are good indicators of the volume fraction of free water in the sediment, which is in turn dependent on hydrate saturation. Permittivity in the microwave frequency range is particularly predictive of free water content since it is barely affected by ionic concentration, pore structure, and surface conduction. Electrical conductivity (or resistivity) is less reliable for constraining water content or hydrate saturation: In addition to fluid-filled porosity, other factors, such as the ionic concentration of the pore fluid and possibly other conduction effects (e.g., surface conduction in high specific surface soils having low conductivity pore fluid), also influence electrical conductivity.
    Description: This research was initially supported by the Chevron Joint Industry Project on Methane Hydrates under contract DE‐FC26‐01NT41330 from the U.S. Department of Energy. Additional support was provided to J.C.S. by the Goizueta Foundation at Georgia Tech, to J.Y.L. by KIGAM, and to C. Ruppel by the USGS.
    Keywords: Gas hydrate ; Electromagnetic properties ; Resistivity
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Parametric study of the physical properties of hydrate-bearing sand, silt, and clay sediments : 2. Small-strain mechanical properties (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (2010): B11105, doi:10.1029/2009JB006670.
    Description: The small-strain mechanical properties (e.g., seismic velocities) of hydrate-bearing sediments measured under laboratory conditions provide reference values for calibration of logging and seismic exploration results acquired in hydrate-bearing formations. Instrumented cells were designed for measuring the compressional (P) and shear (S) velocities of sand, silts, and clay with and without hydrate and subject to vertical effective stresses of 0.01 to 2 MPa. Tetrahydrofuran (THF), which is fully miscible in water, was used as the hydrate former to permit close control over the hydrate saturation Shyd and to produce hydrate from dissolved phase, as methane hydrate forms in most natural marine settings. The results demonstrate that laboratory hydrate formation technique controls the pattern of P and S velocity changes with increasing Shyd and that the small-strain properties of hydrate-bearing sediments are governed by effective stress, σ′v and sediment specific surface. The S velocity increases with hydrate saturation owing to an increase in skeletal shear stiffness, particularly when hydrate saturation exceeds Shyd≈ 0.4. At very high hydrate saturations, the small strain shear stiffness is determined by the presence of hydrates and becomes insensitive to changes in effective stress. The P velocity increases with hydrate saturation due to the increases in both the shear modulus of the skeleton and the bulk modulus of pore-filling phases during fluid-to-hydrate conversion. Small-strain Poisson's ratio varies from 0.5 in soft sediments lacking hydrates to 0.25 in stiff sediments (i.e., subject to high vertical effective stress or having high Shyd). At Shyd ≥ 0.5, hydrate hinders expansion and the loss of sediment stiffness during reduction of vertical effective stress, meaning that hydrate-rich natural sediments obtained through pressure coring should retain their in situ fabric for some time after core retrieval if the cores are maintained within the hydrate stability field.
    Description: Initial support for this research to J.C.S. and C.R. at Georgia Tech was provided by the Chevron Joint Industry Project on Methane Hydrates under contract DE‐FC26‐01NT41330 from the U.S. Department of Energy. Additional support to J.C.S. was provided by the Goizueta Foundation at Georgia Tech and to J.Y.L. by KIGAM, GHDO, and MKE.
    Keywords: Gas hydrate ; Mechanical properties ; Seismic velocity
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and properties of poly(dipropargyl-16-crown-5) (1996)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 36 (1996), S. 391-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary We have synthesized a polyacetylene derivative, poly(dipropargyl-16-crown-5), through the cyclopolymerization of the corresponding monomer by metathesis catalysts. The polymer containing crown-ether units was characterized by spectroscopic and thermal techniques. The polymer structure is believed to be a cyclized from with both five- and sixmembered rings. The polymer exhibits high cation-binding properties and ionochromic effects. The order of the selectivity of alkali- metal cations for both the monomer and the polymer was found to be Na+〉K+〉Li+ and the polymer shows the largest red shift by approximately 40 nm in λmax for Na+.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315054
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thin film polyaniline-polyaniline electrochemical cells (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 23 (1993), S. 1031-1038 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrodeposited polyaniline (PANT) in the emeraldine oxidation state was used as the electrodes of open rechargeable cells containing 1 m HClO4 as the electrolyte. The cells could be charged at very high hourly rates to 85% of the redox charge in the leucoemeraldine-emeraldine transition of the polymer. Contrary to normal behaviour of rechargeable cells, the coulombic efficiency improved with increasing rates of charge injection and withdrawal. This is attributed to less charge being dissipated by self-discharge at high rates of discharge. The poor charge retention was caused by reactions between the charged electrodes and their environment. The decrease in cell voltage on standing may also be induced by internal redox reactions of PANT of different oxidation states present at the electrodes as a result of incomplete oxidation or reduction during cell operation. Ultraviolet (u.v.) spectroscopy of the charged electrodes identified mostly protonated leucoemeraldine at the negative electrode and pernigraniline at the positive electrode. The irreversibility in the oxidation from the emeraldine state to the pernigraniline state accounts mostly for the degeneration of cell performance after prolonged cycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266125
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A polyaniline and Nafion® composite film as a rechargeable battery (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 22 (1992), S. 512-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The charge-discharge characteristics of polyaniline (PAn)-Nafion®-PAn composite films used as rechargeable batteries were investigated. The batteries were formed chemically by sandwiching Nafion® between two thin layers of PAn-Nafion® composite in equilibrium with various electrolytes. It was found that cells with LiClO4 in propylene carbonate as electrolyte showed the highest capacity. The charge and discharge performance of the battery was almost independent of the choice of anions but was significantly affected by cation size. This may indicate that the insertion or removal of charge-compensating electrolyte cations from the composite layer was responsible for the redox of PAn during the charge and discharge cycles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024090
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rechargeable thin film batteries of polypyrrole and polyaniline (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 22 (1992), S. 738-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Thin films of polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANi) were electrochemically deposited on stainless steel substrate under potentiostatic control. Secondary batteries were assembled using these polymers as active electrode materials and propylene carbonate (PC) solutions of tetraethyl ammonium perchlorate (TEAP) as the electrolyte. In repeated charge and discharge tests, the all PANi cells performed better than the PPy-PANi cells in voltage characteristics, recyclability, charge retention and coulombic efficiency. There appears to be an optimum charging current for the polymer cells and charging the cells at rates notably different from the optimum value reduced the cell performance substantially. It is suggested that the cells operate under kinetic control and charging at extreme rates either reduces the participation of polymer redox in the overall cell operation or produces mass transfer limitations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01027503
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoconductivity in a photocrosslinkable second-order nonlinear optical polymer (1991)
    Springer
    Applied physics 53 (1991), S. 279-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 72.40 ; 78.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photoconductivity measurements on a stable photocrosslinkable nonlinear optical polymer — PVCN (polyvinylcinnamate)/CNNB-R (3-cinnamoyloxy-4-[4-N,N-diethylamino)-2-cinnamoyloxy phenylazo] nitrobenzene) are reported. Photoconductivity in this polymer system, in both crosslinked and uncrosslinked states, was observed without introducing any sensitizer or carrier-transport agents. Absorption of CNNB-R (λpeak=518 nm) results in photocarrier generation and it is conjectured that CNNB-R also plays a role in the carrier transport. Such polymers are candidate materials for photorefraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331814
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generating Alternative Interpretations of Machining Features (1999)
    Springer
    The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 15 (1999), S. 38-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-3015
    Keywords: Key words.Alternative interpretation; Feature-based design; Feature extraction; STEP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: One of the major difficulties in extracting machining features is the lack of a systematic methodology to generate alternative ways of manufacturing a machined part. Most of the early research in feature extraction and process planning has not considered this aspect, and has focused on the generation of a single interpretation. In this paper, we propose a feature-based approach to generating alternative interpretations of machining features from a feature-based design model. The proposed approach simplifies the generation of alternative machining feature models by using information on feature which is captured and maintained during feature-based model-ling and machining feature extraction. A set of machining features is incrementally extracted during the feature-based design process of a machined part. A feature conversion process converts each design feature into a machining feature or a set of machining features by using information on the geometry and the feature. Using reorientation, reduction, and/or splitting operations, alternative models are generated from the sets of extracted machining features. During the execution of each operation, unpromising models are pruned by using criteria such as minimising the number of accessibility directions. The machining features and their precedence relationships are represented in a STEP-based machining feature graph for the purpose of data exchange.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001700050037
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalytic CO oxidation over manganese-containing perovskites (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 19 (1991), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mixed metal oxides are discussed as possible substitutes for noble metals in automobile catalytic converters. The catalytic activity for CO oxidation of LaMnO3 and La0.5Sr0.5MnO3 catalysts was examined. The ability of these catalysts to provide lattice oxygen and to sustain the oxidation reaction, even in the absence of molecular oxygen, has been confirmed. Measurements were performed of the reversible oxygen uptake on the two catalysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401304
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