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  • Articles  (17)
  • Cambridge University Press  (8)
  • Seismological Society of America  (7)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (2)
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  • 1
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    Forest fires: An example of self-organized critical behavior (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-22
    Description: Despite the many complexities concerning their initiation and propagation, forest fires exhibit power-law frequency-area statistics over many orders of magnitude. A simple forest fire model, which is an example of self-organized criticality, exhibits similar behavior. One practical implication of this result is that the frequency-area distribution of small and medium fires can be used to quantify the risk of large fires, as is routinely done for earthquakes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malamud -- Morein -- Turcotte -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1840-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1504, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9743494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Geophysical Geodesy. The Slow Deformations of the Earth. Kurt Lambeck. Clarendon (Oxford University Press), New York, 1988. xii, 718 pp., illus. $135; paper, $55 (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-05-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Turcotte, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 May 26;244(4907):995.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17731887" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Record-Breaking Earthquakes (2010)
    Seismological Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2010-07-27
    Description: A record-breaking earthquake has a larger magnitude than any previous earthquake in the study region; a starting date and minimum magnitude must be specified. The first earthquake to satisfy this condition is, by definition, a record-breaking earthquake. The next record-breaking earthquake has a larger magnitude than the first and so forth. In this article we utilize the global Centroid Moment Tensor Project (CMT) catalog for the years 1977 to 2006. We consider earthquakes with moment magnitudes greater than 5.5. We determine the number of record-breaking earthquakes n (sub rb) during 15 specified two-year intervals. We then average the n (sub rb) at specified subintervals of time. We compare the results with the predictions for a random independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) process. The expected number of record-breaking earthquakes n (sub rb) in a specified period is independent of the statistical distribution of magnitudes. Good statistical agreement between the observations and the predictions is obtained. We carry out the same process for the magnitudes of the record-breaking earthquakes. We again compare the results with the predictions for a random (i.i.d.) process and find good agreement. For our analyses to be valid, it is necessary that the global earthquakes occur randomly, that is, they are not correlated. Thus, aftershocks and foreshocks will be sources of error. Studies of record-breaking temperatures have shown a sensitivity to global warming. A future direction for research is to apply the approach used here to regional earthquake catalogs. Aftershocks are expected to strongly influence the results.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 4
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    Buoyancy-driven crack propagation: a mechanism for magma migration (1987)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1987-01-01
    Description: A solution has been obtained for steady propagation of a two-dimensional fluid fracture driven by buoyancy in an elastic medium. The problem is formulated in terms of an integro-differential equation governing the elastic deformation, coupled with the differential equation of lubrication theory for viscous flow in the crack. The numerical treatment of this system is carried out in terms of an eigenfunction expansion of the cavity shape, in which the coefficients are found by use of a nonlinear constrained optimization technique. When suitably non-dimensionalized, the solution appears to be unique. It exhibits a semi-infinite crack of constant width following the propagating fracture. For each value of the stress intensity factor of the medium, the width and propagation speed are determined. The results are applied to the problem of the vertical ascent of magma through the earth's mantle and crust. Values obtained for the crack width and ascent velocity are in accord with observations. This mechanism can explain the high ascent velocities required to quench diamonds during a Kimberlite eruption. The mechanism can also explain how basaltic eruptions can carry large mantle rocks (xenoliths) to the surface. © 1987, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 5
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    A periodic boundary-layer flow in magnetohydrodynamics (1962)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1962-08-01
    Description: It is the purpose of this paper to solve a boundary-value problem posed by induction electromagnetic pumps and generators. Solutions are obtained by an expansion technique and a momentum method for the laminar, incompressible flow problem. For large values of the interaction parameter (μ2σH 2 0λ/ρμ e viscous effects are shown to be restricted to periodic boundary layers. In regions of high-field strength a local Hartmann solution is valid. Where the applied field is weak an inertial boundary layer is present which thickens in the upstream direction. A logical explanation of this phenomenon is given. The condition that a boundary-layer type flow exist is obtained and is shown to be in general satisfied. The results show that inviscid theory may be used to calculate the overall performance of electromagnetic pumps and generators while the boundary-layer theory developed here may be used to obtain the wall shear stress. © 1962, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 6
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    Geodynamic thermal runaway with melting (1985)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-03-01
    Description: We consider the penetration of a solid medium by a foreign body which is large enough for frictional heating to melt the medium and maintain a thin liquid layer ahead of the body. This study is motivated by the possibility of the Earth's core having been formed by liquid iron diapirs melting their way through the solid, deformable mantle. Our principal results are the existence of a critical size for the body for the motion to be maintained under gravity and the ease with which an immiscible liquid body can penetrate at constant velocity compared to a solid one. © 1985, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
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    Similarity solution for a spherical radiation-driven shock wave (1970)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1970-08-28
    Description: A similarity solution has been obtained for a radiation-driven shock wave. Radiation propagating radially inwards is completely absorbed in the shock layer of a spherical, expanding shock wave. For a strong shock wave and a constant power input a similarity solution is obtained. It is found that the radial position of the shock wave rs ∼ t⅗. The shock wave propagates as an overdriven detonation. The jump conditions and complete flow field are obtained. © 1970, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 8
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    Influence of viscous dissipation on Bénard convection (1974)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1974-06-19
    Description: The approximations implicit in Bénard convection have been modified to include viscous dissipation. It is shown that both the influence of an adiabatic temperature gradient and of viscous dissipation are governed by the same dimensionless parameter Di = αgh/cp. Numerical calculations of finite amplitude convection are given for finite values of Di. It is found that increasing Di decreases flow velocities and finally stabilizes the flow. © 1974, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 9
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    Finite amplitude convective cells and continental drift (1967)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1967-04-12
    Description: A solution is obtained for steady, cellular convection when the Rayleigh number and the Prandtl number are large. The core of each two-dimensional cell contains a highly viscous, isothermal flow. Adjacent to the horizontal boundaries are thin thermal boundary layers. On the vertical boundaries between cells thin thermal plumes drive the viscous flow. The non-dimensional velocities and heat transfer between the horizontal boundaries are found to be functions only of the Rayleigh number. The theory is used to test the hypothesis of large scale convective cells in the earth's mantle. Using accepted values of the Rayleigh number for the earth's mantle the theory predicts the generally accepted velocity associated with continental drift. The theory also predicts values for the heat flux to the earth's surface which are in good agreement with measurements carried out on the ocean floors.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 10
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    Thermal convection with large viscosity variations (1971)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1971-05-14
    Description: The influence of large variations of viscosity on convection in a layer of fluid heated from below has been investigated. Solutions for the flow and temperature fields were obtained numerically assuming infinite Prandtl number, free-surface boundary conditions, and two-dimensional motion of fixed horizontal wavelength. The effects of a temperature-dependent and a depth-dependent viscosity were each studied; calculations were also carried out using a temperature-and depth-dependent viscosity model appropriate to the earth's mantle. © 1971, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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