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  • Wiley  (6)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (4)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (1)
  • 1
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    Warming enhances sedimentation and decomposition of organic carbon in shallow macrophyte‐dominated systems with zero net effect on carbon burial (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Global warming affects carbon cycling in freshwater ecosystems, which both emit and bury substantial amounts of carbon. Most studies focus on the effect of warming on overall carbon emissions, while net effects on carbon budgets may strongly depend on burial in sediments. We showed that year‐round warming in a shallow macrophyte‐dominated mesocosm experiment doubled the carbon stock in plant biomass, increased sedimentation, and enhanced decomposition of plant detritus. These enhanced carbon fluxes compensated each other so that burial remained similar between treatments. This indicates that warming can increase the turnover of organic carbon, while not necessarily affecting net carbon burial. Abstract Temperatures have been rising throughout recent decades and are predicted to rise further in the coming century. Global warming affects carbon cycling in freshwater ecosystems, which both emit and bury substantial amounts of carbon on a global scale. Currently, most studies focus on the effect of warming on overall carbon emissions from freshwater ecosystems, while net effects on carbon budgets may strongly depend on burial in sediments. Here, we tested whether year‐round warming increases the production, sedimentation, or decomposition of particulate organic carbon and eventually alters the carbon burial in a typical shallow freshwater system. We performed an indoor experiment in eight mesocosms dominated by the common submerged aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum testing two temperature treatments: a temperate seasonal temperature control and a warmed (+4°C) treatment (n = 4). During a full experimental year, the carbon stock in plant biomass, dissolved organic carbon in the water column, sedimented organic matter, and decomposition of plant detritus were measured. Our results showed that year‐round warming nearly doubled the final carbon stock in plant biomass from 6.9 ± 1.1 g C in the control treatment to 12.8 ± 0.6 g C (mean ± SE), mainly due to a prolonged growing season in autumn. DOC concentrations did not differ between the treatments, but organic carbon sedimentation increased by 60% from 96 ± 9.6 to 152 ± 16 g C m−2 yaer−1 (mean ± SE) from control to warm treatments. Enhanced decomposition of plant detritus in the warm treatment, however, compensated for the increased sedimentation. As a result, net carbon burial was 40 ± 5.7 g C m−2 year−1 in both temperature treatments when fluxes were combined into a carbon budget model. These results indicate that warming can increase the turnover of organic carbon in shallow macrophyte‐dominated systems, while not necessarily affecting net carbon burial on a system scale.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    A review of surrogate models and their application to groundwater modeling (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-29
    Description: The spatially and temporally variable parameters and inputs to complex groundwater models typically result in long runtimes which hinder comprehensive calibration, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. Surrogate modeling aims to provide a simpler, and hence faster, model which emulates the specified output of a more complex model in function of its inputs and parameters. In this review paper, we summarize surrogate modeling techniques in three categories: data-driven, projection, and hierarchical-based approaches. Data-driven surrogates approximate a groundwater model through an empirical model that captures the input-output mapping of the original model. Projection based models reduce the dimensionality of the parameter space by projecting the governing equations onto a basis of orthonormal vectors. In hierarchical or multi-fidelity methods the surrogate is created by simplifying the representation of the physical system, such as by ignoring certain processes, or reducing the numerical resolution. In discussing the application to groundwater modeling of these methods, we note several imbalances in the existing literature: a large body of work on data-driven approaches seemingly ignores major drawbacks to the methods; only a fraction of the literature focuses on creating surrogates to reproduce outputs of fully distributed groundwater models, despite these being ubiquitous in practice; and a number of the more advanced surrogate modeling methods are yet to be fully applied in a groundwater modeling context. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Wave forces limit the establishment of submerged macrophytes in large shallow lakes (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-10
    Description: We studied the effect of waves on submerged macrophytes and hypothesized that exposure to large wave forces can hamper seedling establishment. In an indoor experiment in cylindrical mesocosms we tested whether large wave forces indeed inhibited the establishment of Chara globularis and Potamogeton pusillus from the propagule bank. We mimicked the effect of wave forces by generating a circular flow that caused resuspension of the sediment. Four treatments were applied, consisting of different repetition frequencies of resuspension events. Emergence and early growth of both species were monitored over 8 weeks. The resuspension treatments significantly reduced the emergence of both species, by 91% and 45% on average for Chara sp. and P. pusillus , respectively. We analysed field observations on the two species in the lakes of the IJsselmeer area in the Netherlands to evaluate whether wave forces may also inhibit establishment of macrophytes in the field. The field data seemed to support the hypothesis as both species hardly occurred in areas where a large bottom shear stress had occurred in spring, according to simulations with the SWAN wave model. The calculated maximum bottom shear stress correlated well with the occurrence of both Chara sp. and P. pusillus in the field. Regressions showed that this effect of wave forces was additional to the effect of light availability. Our study indicates that large wave forces may inhibit the establishment of macrophytes in large lakes. Reducing large wave forces can therefore potentially promote macrophyte development in these large lakes.
    Print ISSN: 0024-3590
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5590
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).
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  • 4
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    HIV-1 nomenclature proposal (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Robertson, D L -- Anderson, J P -- Bradac, J A -- Carr, J K -- Foley, B -- Funkhouser, R K -- Gao, F -- Hahn, B H -- Kalish, M L -- Kuiken, C -- Learn, G H -- Leitner, T -- McCutchan, F -- Osmanov, S -- Peeters, M -- Pieniazek, D -- Salminen, M -- Sharp, P M -- Wolinsky, S -- Korber, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):55-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10766634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Databases, Factual ; Genome, Viral ; HIV Infections/*virology ; HIV-1/*classification/genetics ; Humans ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Terminology as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Hybrid origin of SIV in chimpanzees (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bailes, Elizabeth -- Gao, Feng -- Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic -- Courgnaud, Valerie -- Peeters, Martine -- Marx, Preston A -- Hahn, Beatrice H -- Sharp, Paul M -- N01 AI85338/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI44596/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI50529/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1713.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG72UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805540" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ape Diseases/transmission/*virology ; Cercocebus/virology ; Cercopithecinae/*virology ; Cercopithecus/virology ; Genetic Variation ; Likelihood Functions ; Pan troglodytes/classification/physiology/*virology ; Phylogeny ; Predatory Behavior ; Proteome ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission/*virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/classification/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    HIV epidemiology. The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-04
    Description: Thirty years after the discovery of HIV-1, the early transmission, dissemination, and establishment of the virus in human populations remain unclear. Using statistical approaches applied to HIV-1 sequence data from central Africa, we show that from the 1920s Kinshasa (in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo) was the focus of early transmission and the source of pre-1960 pandemic viruses elsewhere. Location and dating estimates were validated using the earliest HIV-1 archival sample, also from Kinshasa. The epidemic histories of HIV-1 group M and nonpandemic group O were similar until ~1960, after which group M underwent an epidemiological transition and outpaced regional population growth. Our results reconstruct the early dynamics of HIV-1 and emphasize the role of social changes and transport networks in the establishment of this virus in human populations.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4254776/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4254776/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Faria, Nuno R -- Rambaut, Andrew -- Suchard, Marc A -- Baele, Guy -- Bedford, Trevor -- Ward, Melissa J -- Tatem, Andrew J -- Sousa, Joao D -- Arinaminpathy, Nimalan -- Pepin, Jacques -- Posada, David -- Peeters, Martine -- Pybus, Oliver G -- Lemey, Philippe -- 092807/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095831/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- MR/K010174/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 AI050529/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006139/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI050529/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 3;346(6205):56-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1256739. Epub 2014 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. ; Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1766, USA. Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1766, USA. ; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. ; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. ; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK. ; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Centro de Malaria e outras Doencas Tropicais and Unidade de Microbiologia, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal. ; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. ; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Universite de Sherbrooke, CHUS, 3001, 12eme Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada. ; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain. ; Laboratoire Retrovirus, UMI233, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement and University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP5045, 34032 Montpellier, France. ; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. philippe.lemey@rega.kuleuven.be oliver.pybus@zoo.ox.ac.uk. ; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. philippe.lemey@rega.kuleuven.be oliver.pybus@zoo.ox.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*epidemiology/history/transmission ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology/history/transmission ; Democratic Republic of the Congo ; Evolution, Molecular ; HIV-1/classification/genetics/*physiology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; *Pandemics/history ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics/history ; Recombination, Genetic ; Urbanization/history/trends
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1 (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-27
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the cause of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a zoonotic infection of staggering proportions and social impact. Yet uncertainty persists regarding its natural reservoir. The virus most closely related to HIV-1 is a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) thus far identified only in captive members of the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Here we report the detection of SIVcpz antibodies and nucleic acids in fecal samples from wild-living P. t. troglodytes apes in southern Cameroon, where prevalence rates in some communities reached 29 to 35%. By sequence analysis of endemic SIVcpz strains, we could trace the origins of pandemic (group M) and nonpandemic (group N) HIV-1 to distinct, geographically isolated chimpanzee communities. These findings establish P. t. troglodytes as a natural reservoir of HIV-1.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2442710/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2442710/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keele, Brandon F -- Van Heuverswyn, Fran -- Li, Yingying -- Bailes, Elizabeth -- Takehisa, Jun -- Santiago, Mario L -- Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic -- Chen, Yalu -- Wain, Louise V -- Liegeois, Florian -- Loul, Severin -- Ngole, Eitel Mpoudi -- Bienvenue, Yanga -- Delaporte, Eric -- Brookfield, John F Y -- Sharp, Paul M -- Shaw, George M -- Peeters, Martine -- Hahn, Beatrice H -- P30 AI 27767/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI058715/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI058715-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI50529/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI58715/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):523-6. Epub 2006 May 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728595" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; Ape Diseases/epidemiology/virology ; Cameroon/epidemiology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Disease Outbreaks ; *Disease Reservoirs ; Feces/virology ; HIV Antibodies/analysis ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/*virology ; HIV-1/classification/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pan troglodytes/classification/*virology ; Phylogeny ; Prevalence ; Recombination, Genetic ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology/*virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/classification/*genetics/immunology/isolation & ; purification
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Conidia of Penicillium rubens formed at low water activities can attract more water (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-06
    Description: To address the problem of indoor fungal growth, understanding the influence of moisture conditions on the fungal colonization process is crucial. This paper explores the influence of past moisture conditions on current processes. Specifically, it studies the growth and water sorption of conidia of Penicillium rubens formed at lower water activities (ranging from 0.86 to 0.99). For the first time, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) is applied as a tool to quantify the water sorption of conidia as a function of the water activity at conidiation. Furthermore, growth experiments on agar and gypsum substrates are reported that relate hyphal growth rates of the mycelium from pretreated conidia to the water activity at conidiation. No effect of the conidiation water activity on mycelial growth rates is found on either gypsum or agar. It is found, however, that conidia formed at lower activities have a higher dry weight and attract more water from humid air. It is shown that both phenomena can be explained by conidia from lower activities carrying higher amounts of compatible solutes, glycerol in particular. The enhanced sorption observed in this study might constitute a mechanism through which solute reserves contribute to survival during the early steps of fungal colonization. The sorption behavior of conidia of Penicillium rubens that were formed under harsh moisture conditions was studied using a dynamic vapor sorption apparatus. It is found that conidia formed at low water activity will attract many times their own volume in water from humid air. From analysis of the sorption isotherms, it is deduced that this enhanced sorption behavior must be caused by large amounts of intra- and extracellular glycerol that was stored during sporulation.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-8827
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    Oil type and cross-linking influence growth of Aureobasidium melanogenum on vegetable oils as a single carbon source (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-12
    Description: Aureobasidium melanogenum is the main fungus found in a spontaneously formed biofilm on a oil-treated wood. This dark colored biofilm functions as a protective coating. To better understand biofilm formation, in this study A. melanogenum was cultured on olive oil and raw linseed oil. Metabolic activity and oil conversion were measured. The results show that A. melanogenum is able to grow on linseed oil and olive oil as a single carbon source. The fungus produces the enzyme lipase to convert the oil into fatty acids and glycerol. Metabolic activity and oil conversion were equal on linseed oil and olive oil. The fungus was not able to grow on severe cross-linked linseed oil, meaning that the degree of cross-linking of the oil is important for growth of A. melanogenum . Dark coloring of the colony was seen on linseed oil, which might be a stress response on the presence of autoxidation products in linseed oil. The colony on olive oil showed delayed melanin production indicating an inhibitory effect of olive oil on melanin production. A uniform dark colored biofilm containing Aureobasidium melanogenum on oil-impregnated wood can be used as an environmentally friendly protective coating. For large-scale application, better understanding of the formation process is needed. This study focuses on the effect of oil type and cross-linking on growth of A. melanogenum .
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-8827
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleolar size at early stages of cotton fiber development in relation to final fiber dimension (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 71 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Changes in nucleolar size and nucleolar vacuolation at early stages of fiber development and final fiber dimensions were determined for cotton of different species: Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. B49, Gossypium barbadense L. cv. Menoufi and Gossypium arboreum L. cv. Virnar. Size of the nucleolus in combination with its vacuolation at an early stage of development was found to be clearly associated with the final result of fiber development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1987.tb02880.x
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