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  • 1
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    Ecosystem engineering by a gall-forming wasp indirectly suppresses diversity and density of herbivores on oak trees (2016)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Ecosystem engineers, organisms that modify the physical environment, are generally thought to increase diversity by facilitating species that benefit from engineered habitats. Recent theoretical work, however, suggests that ecosystem engineering could initiate cascades of trophic interactions that shape community structure in unexpected ways, potentially having negative indirect effects on abundance and diversity in components of the community that do not directly interact with the habitat modifications. We tested the indirect effects of a gall-forming wasp on arthropod communities in surrounding unmodified foliage. We experimentally removed all senesced galls from entire trees during winter and sampled the arthropod community on foliage after budburst. Gall removal resulted in 59% greater herbivore density, 26% greater herbivore richness, and 27% greater arthropod density five weeks after budburst. Gall removal also reduced the differences in community composition among trees (i.e., reduced beta diversity), even when accounting for differences in richness. The community inside galls during winter and through the growing season was dominated by jumping spiders (Salticidae; 0.87 ± 0.12 spiders per gall). We suggest that senesced galls provided habitat for spiders, which suppressed herbivorous arthropods and increased beta diversity by facilitating assembly of unusual arthropod communities. Our results demonstrate that the effects of habitat modification by ecosystem engineers can extend beyond merely providing habitat for specialists; the effects can propagate far enough to influence the structure of communities that do not directly interact with habitat modifications.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 2
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    Plant genotypic diversity interacts with predation risk to influence an insect herbivore across its ontogeny (2018)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Abstract A growing number of studies have manipulated intraspecific plant diversity and found dramatic changes in the densities of associated insect herbivores and their predators. While these studies have been essential for quantifying the net ecological consequences of intraspecific plant diversity, they have been less effective at uncovering the ways in which plant diversity alters trophic interactions within arthropod communities. We manipulated intraspecific plant diversity and predation risk in the field in a factorial design to reveal how a mixture of plant genotypes changes the response of an herbivorous beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) to a common stink bug predator (Podisus maculiventris). We repeated the manipulations twice across the ontogeny of the beetle to examine how the effects of diversity on the predator–prey interaction differ between larval and adult stages. We found that intraspecific plant diversity, mixtures of susceptible and resistant varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum), reduced larval survival by 20% and adult oviposition by 34%, which surprisingly put survival and oviposition lower in the mixed‐genotype plots than in the resistant monocultures. Moreover, we found that predation risk reduced larval survival 25% and 11% in resistant and susceptible monocultures, respectively, but had no effect in the mixture. This result indicated that our genotypic mixing treatment interacted nonadditively with predation risk such that plant diversity altered the predator–prey interaction by changing the responses of the beetles to their stink bug predators. In addition, even though predation risk reduced larval survival, it increased adult overwintering survival by 9%, independently of plant treatment, suggesting that these interactions change through ontogeny. A key implication of our study is that plant diversity influences arthropod communities not only by changing resource quality, as past studies have suggested, but also by changing interactions between species within the arthropod community.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 3
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    Geographic Dialects in Volatile Communication Between Sagebrush Individuals (2016)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-10
    Description: Plants respond to volatile cues emitted by damaged neighbors to increase their defenses against herbivores. We examined whether plants communicated more effectively with local neighbors than distant neighbors in a reciprocal experiment at two sites. Three branches on focal plants were incubated with air from: 1) a control, 2) an experimentally clipped ‘foreign’ plant from 230 km away, or 3) an experimentally clipped ‘local’ plant from the same population as the focal plant. Branches incubated with air from the controls experienced 50 - 80% more leaf damage than those receiving air from experimentally clipped plants. Of more interest, branches receiving volatiles from experimentally clipped ‘local’ plants received 50 – 65% of the leaf damage as those receiving volatiles from experimentally clipped ‘foreign’ plants. Sabinyl compounds and related terpinenes were found to differ consistently for plants from southern and northern sites. These results indicate that cues vary geographically in their effectiveness and suggest that sagebrush responds more strongly to local than foreign dialects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 4
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    Density-dependent recruitment structures a heterogeneous distribution of herbivores among host plants (2014)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-06
    Description: Ecology, Ahead of Print. A growing body of evidence indicates that plants can influence the survival and reproduction of the insect herbivores they host via both herbivore density-dependent and density-independent processes. A remaining challenge is identifying how density-dependent and density-independent processes in herbivores contribute to the distribution of herbivores in natural populations. I tested which herbivore recruitment parameters-the intrinsic rate of increase, carrying capacity, or shape of density-dependence-contributed to variance in the distribution of a gall-making fly among individuals of its host plant by experimentally manipulating herbivore density on plants in the field. I used model selection to determine the relationships between herbivore demographic parameters and the natural, pre-experimental pattern of herbivore abundances. The naturally occurring pattern of herbivore abundances before the experiment covaried positively with the herbivore carrying capacity, a parameter inversely related to the strength of density-dependence, but not with the shape of density-dependence or the intrinsic reproductive rate. This means that plants with high natural herbivore abundances had lower herbivore density-dependence but not higher rates of herbivore reproduction at low abundances. More generally, these results suggest that density-dependence mediated through the host plant was responsible for the significant spatial variance in abundance of this herbivore among host plants. This also means that the processes influencing the spatial variance in the abundance of this herbivore occur at high but not at low herbivore density. This suggests that when measuring parameters of herbivore preference for or performance on plants with different genotypes or phenotypes, ecologists should use a range of herbivore densities to ensure they capture density-dependent processes. Density-dependent recruitment at the scale of host plants could be a widespread determinant of abundance patterns for the many insect herbivores that have high heterogeneity in abundances among host plants and low variance in that pattern through time.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 5
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    Density-dependent recruitment structures a heterogeneous distribution of herbivores among host plants (2014)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: Ecology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Ahead of Print. A growing body of evidence indicates that plants can influence the survival and reproduction of the insect herbivores they host via both herbivore density-dependent and density-independent processes. A remaining challenge is identifying how density-dependent and density-independent processes in herbivores contribute to the distribution of herbivores in natural populations. I tested which herbivore recruitment parameters-the intrinsic rate of increase, carrying capacity, or shape of density-dependence-contributed to variance in the distribution of a gall-making fly among individuals of its host plant by experimentally manipulating herbivore density on plants in the field. I used model selection to determine the relationships between herbivore demographic parameters and the natural, pre-experimental pattern of herbivore abundances. The naturally occurring pattern of herbivore abundances before the experiment covaried positively with the herbivore carrying capacity, a parameter inversely related to the strength of density-dependence, but not with the shape of density-dependence or the intrinsic reproductive rate. This means that plants with high natural herbivore abundances had lower herbivore density-dependence but not higher rates of herbivore reproduction at low abundances. More generally, these results suggest that density-dependence mediated through the host plant was responsible for the significant spatial variance in abundance of this herbivore among host plants. This also means that the processes influencing the spatial variance in the abundance of this herbivore occur at high but not at low herbivore density. This suggests that when measuring parameters of herbivore preference for or performance on plants with different genotypes or phenotypes, ecologists should use a range of herbivore densities to ensure they capture density-dependent processes. Density-dependent recruitment at the scale of host plants could be a widespread determinant of abundance patterns for the many insect herbivores that have high heterogeneity in abundances among host plants and low variance in that pattern through time.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 6
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    RNA biochemistry. Transcriptome-wide distribution and function of RNA hydroxymethylcytosine (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-28
    Description: Hydroxymethylcytosine, well described in DNA, occurs also in RNA. Here, we show that hydroxymethylcytosine preferentially marks polyadenylated RNAs and is deposited by Tet in Drosophila. We map the transcriptome-wide hydroxymethylation landscape, revealing hydroxymethylcytosine in the transcripts of many genes, notably in coding sequences, and identify consensus sites for hydroxymethylation. We found that RNA hydroxymethylation can favor mRNA translation. Tet and hydroxymethylated RNA are found to be most abundant in the Drosophila brain, and Tet-deficient fruitflies suffer impaired brain development, accompanied by decreased RNA hydroxymethylation. This study highlights the distribution, localization, and function of cytosine hydroxymethylation and identifies central roles for this modification in Drosophila.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Delatte, Benjamin -- Wang, Fei -- Ngoc, Long Vo -- Collignon, Evelyne -- Bonvin, Elise -- Deplus, Rachel -- Calonne, Emilie -- Hassabi, Bouchra -- Putmans, Pascale -- Awe, Stephan -- Wetzel, Collin -- Kreher, Judith -- Soin, Romuald -- Creppe, Catherine -- Limbach, Patrick A -- Gueydan, Cyril -- Kruys, Veronique -- Brehm, Alexander -- Minakhina, Svetlana -- Defrance, Matthieu -- Steward, Ruth -- Fuks, Francois -- R01 GM089992/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA117846/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Jan 15;351(6270):282-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aac5253.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. ; Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA. ; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Gene, Faculty of Sciences, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium. ; Institut fur Molekularbiologie und Tumorforschung, Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Marburg, Germany. ; Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. ; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. ffuks@ulb.ac.be.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26816380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*abnormalities/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cytosine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Dioxygenases/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Methylation ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcriptome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Pressure Induced Deep Gap State of Oxygen in GaN (1997)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-19
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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  • 8
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    Quantized states inGa1−xInxN/GaNheterostructures and the model of polarized homogeneous quantum wells (2000)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-15
    Print ISSN: 0163-1829
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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  • 9
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    Localized vibrational modes in GaN:O tracing the formation of oxygenDX-like centers under hydrostatic pressure (2000)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-15
    Print ISSN: 0163-1829
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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  • 10
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    Optically detected cyclotron resonance on GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs quantum wells and quantum wires (1995)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-10-15
    Print ISSN: 0163-1829
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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