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  • Other Sources  (572)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (516)
  • ASTRONOMY
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
  • 1970-1974  (572)
Collection
  • Other Sources  (572)
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Year
  • 1
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    Microwave maps of the polar ice of the earth (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Synoptic views of the entire polar regions of earth have been obtained free of the usual persistent cloud cover using a scanning microwave radiometer operating at a wavelength of 1.55 cm on board the Nimbus-5 satellite. Three different views at each pole are presented utilizing data obtained at approximately one-month intervals from December 1972 to February 1973. Large discrepancies exist between the long-term ice cover depicted in various atlases and the actual extent of the canopies. The distribution of multiyear ice in the north polar region is markedly different from that predicted by existing ice dynamics models. Irregularities in the edge of the Antarctic sea ice pack occur that have neither been observed previously nor anticipated. The brightness temperatures of the Greenland and Antarctic glaciers show interesting contours probably related to the ice and snow morphologic structure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 55
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Microwave signatures of first-year and multiyear sea ice. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A combination of remote sensing from an aircraft and simultaneous surface measurements have confirmed the feasibility of identifying old and new sea ice according to its emission of thermal radiation at wavelengths between 0.3 and 3 cm. Emissivity of first-year thick ice with a surface temperature of about 260 K is 0.95 or greater for wavelengths between 0.81 and 11 cm; the emissivity of multiyear ice is 0.8 at 0.81 cm and 0.95 at 11 cm, increasing monotonically in this wavelength interval. The ease with which multiyear ice can be distinguished from first-year ice using a passive microwave radiometer is demonstrated by comparing mosaics prepared both from photographs and images of 1.55-cm radiation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; June 20
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Polar sea ice observations by means of microwave radiometry (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Principles pertinent to the utilization of 1.55 cm wavelength radiation emanating from the surface of the earth for studying the changing characteristics of polar sea ice are briefly reviewed. Recent data obtained at that wavelength with an imaging radiometer on-board the Nimbus 5 satellite are used to illustrate how the seasonal changes in extent of sea ice in both polar regions may be monitored free of atmospheric interference. Within a season, changes in the compactness of the sea ice are also observed from the satellite. Some substantial areas of the Arctic sea ice canopy identified as first-year ice in the past winter were observed not to melt this summer, a graphic illustration of the eventual formation of multiyear ice in the Arctic. Finally, the microwave emissivity of some of the multiyear ice areas near the North Pole was found to increase significantly in the summer, probably due to liquid water content in the firm layer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70529 , X-652-73-341 , Interdisciplinary Symp. on Advanced Concepts and Techniques in the Study of Snow and Ice Resources
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Microwave signatures of snow and fresh water ice (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: During March of 1971, the NASA Convair 990 Airborne Observatory carrying microwave radiometers in the wavelength range 0.8 to 21 cm was flown over dry snow with different substrata: Lake ice at Bear Lake in Utah; wet soil in the Yampa River Valley near Steamboat Springs, Colorado; and glacier ice, firm and wet snow on the South Cascade Glacier in Washington. The data presented indicate that the transparency of the snow cover is a function of wavelength. False-color images of microwave brightness temperatures obtained from a scanning radiometer operating at a wavelength of 1.55 cm demonstrate the capability of scanning radiometers for mapping snowfields.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70515 , X-652-73-335 , Interdisciplinary Symp. on Advanced Concepts and Tech. in the Study of Snow and Ice Resources
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Microwave maps of the polar ice of the earth (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Synoptic views of the entire polar regions of earth were obtained free of the usual persistent cloud cover using a scanning microwave radiometer operating at a wavelength of 1.55 cm on board the Nimbus-5 satellite. Three different views at each pole are presented utilizing data obtained at approximately one-month intervals during the winter of 1972-1973. The major discoveries resulting from an analysis of these data are as follows: (1) Large discrepancies exist between the climatic norm ice cover depicted in various atlases and the actual extent of the canopies. (2) The distribution of multiyear ice in the north polar region is markedly different from that predicted by existing ice dynamics models. (3) Irregularities in the edge of the Antarctic sea ice pack occur that have neither been observed previously nor anticipated. (4) The brightness temperatures of the Greenland and Antarctica glaciers show interesting contours probably related to the ice and snow morphologic structure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70493 , X-652-73-269
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Microwave signatures of first-year and multiyear sea ice (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A combination of remote sensing from an aircraft and simultaneous surface measurements have confirmed the feasibility of identifying old and new sea ice according to its emission of thermal radiation at wavelengths between 0.3 and 3 cm. Emissivity of first-year thick ice with a surface temperature of about 260 K is 0.95 or greater for wavelengths between 0.81 and 11 cm; the emissivity of multiyear ice is 0.8 at 0.81 cm and 0.95 at 11 cm, increasing monotonically in this wave length interval. The ease with which multiyear ice can be distinguished from first-year ice using a passive microwave radiometer is demonstrated by comparing mosaics prepared both from photographs and images of 1.55 cm radiation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-66006 , X-652-72-312
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Results of the US contribution to the joint US/USSR Bering Sea experiment (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The atmospheric circulation which occurred during the Bering Sea Experiment, 15 February to 10 March 1973, in and around the experiment area is analyzed and related to the macroscale morphology and dynamics of the sea ice cover. The ice cover was very complex in structure, being made up of five ice types, and underwent strong dynamic activity. Synoptic analyses show that an optimum variety of weather situations occurred during the experiment: an initial strong anticyclonic period (6 days), followed by a period of strong cyclonic activity (6 days), followed by weak anticyclonic activity (3 days), and finally a period of weak cyclonic activity (4 days). The data of the mesoscale test areas observed on the four sea ice option flights, and ship weather, and drift data give a detailed description of mesoscale ice dynamics which correlates well with the macroscale view: anticyclonic activity advects the ice southward with strong ice divergence and a regular lead and polynya pattern; cyclonic activity advects the ice northward with ice convergence, or slight divergence, and a random lead and polynya pattern.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70648 , X-910-74-141
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    Aircraft measurements of microwave emission from Arctic Sea Ice (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements of the microwave emission from Arctic Sea ice were made with aircraft at 8 wavelengths ranging from 0.510 cm to 2.81 cm. The expected contrast in emissivities between ice and water was observed at all wavelengths. Distributions of sea ice and open water were mapped from altitudes up to 11 km in the presence of dense cloud cover. Different forms of ice also exhibited strong contrasts in emissivity. Emissivity differences of up to 0.2 were observed between two types of ice at 0.811 cm wavelength. The higher emissivity ice type is tentatively identified as having been formed more recently than the lower emissivity ice.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-65742 , X-651-71-417
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  • 9
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    Hydrologic applications of Nimbus 5 ESMR data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A region of low brightness temperature lying along the Mississippi River from Cairo, Illinois, to Morganza, Louisiana was observed in early Nimbus 5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer images. This region, which generally corresponds to an outwash aquifer in the Mississippi Valley, had brightness temperatures, at times as much as 40 K below the surrounding (drier) older uplands. Fluctuations of as much as 30 K were observed during the time interval 15 December 1972 to 28 February 1973. Comparison images taken from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite indicate that the study area is aligned with the Mississippi River floodplain, a region of potentially high soil moisture content. The brightness temperature fluctuations were compared with variations in precipitation and other hydrologic parameters in order to delineate the causative factors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70614 , X-910-74-51
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    The San Marco 3 neutral atmosphere composition experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The experimental instrumentation of the San Marco 3 satellite is described along with the calibration and operation. The instrumentation for the following experiments was included: an air density experiment for measuring the instantaneous drag force, and thus the neutral particle total mass density; a neutral atmosphere composition experiment for measuring the densities of helium, atomic and molecular oxygen, molecular nitrogen and argon; and a neutral atmosphere temperature experiment to determine the gas kinetic temperature by measuring molecular nitrogen density variations in an orificed spherical chamber as a function of angle of attack.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-66269 , X-623-73-142
    Format: application/pdf
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