ALBERT

Notes: Abstract Equations are developed to describe the energy expenditure of the human heart. As well as the external potential and kinetic energy terms, general consideration is given to other possible avenues of energy consumption. Emphasis is placed upon using mathematical variables which are readily available for experimental verification. The errors involved in assuming that mean values for the physiological parameters give reasonable estimations for the external mechanical performance are examined, and a theoretical estimation for the discrepancy in the kinetic component is presented. Logical extension of the mathematical derivation leads to a determination of cardiac external mechanical efficiency and clearly demonstrates the significance of the ventricular pressure-volume loop in this context. Finally, experimental procedures are suggested to clarify further some of the conclusions reached through the theoretical analysis.

Notes: Summary Sexual reproduction is a composite, not a singular, phenomenon and as such can be subdivided into a number of componentsi.e. fusion, recombination, fission, and the male-female phenomenon. These components can evolve independently, though any evolutionary change in one component is likely to influence the future evolution of the other components. The ambiguity that surrounds the term ‘sex’ due to a failure to recognise the composite nature of sexual reproduction has led to considerable confusion in past discussions of the evolution of the phenomenon. This paper considers the possible chronological interaction of the components of sexual reproduction both with each other and with the sequence of selective pressures that seem likely to have acted. This chronological approach is used to consider: the origin of sexual reproduction; the evolution of sexual reproduction in the common ancestor of the procaryotes and eucaryotes; the modification of the ancestral system in the procaryote line following the procaryote-eucaryote dichotomy; and the modification of the ancestral system in the eucaryote line up to the origin of the male-female phenomenon. It is suggested that the fusion and recombination of the first living organisms were chronological continuations of the fusion and recombination of complex organic molecules that led up to the origin of life. The evolution of the third major component of sexual reproductioni.e. fission (replication), by definition coincided with the origin of life. Initial selection on the components of sexual reproduction are likely to have been related to the optimum manifestations of size, complexity, diversity, multiplication, and distribution. Resultant early evolutionary trends are likely to have been: selective fusion between more-similar organisms; increase in number of fissions per fusion; and less recombination. The procaryote-eucaryote dichotomy is argued to have evolved in response to the increasing cellular problems of packing and replicating an increasing amount of hereditary material. The evolution of a single circular hereditary organelle in the procaryote line is argued to have led to the loss of total fusion and the specialisation of individuals into either donors or recipients. The donor-recipient phenomenon of procaryotes is directly analogous to the male-female phenomenon of eucaryotes and leads to parallel evolution due to sexual selection in both groups. In the eucaryote line the ancestral mechanism of sexual reproduction is argued to have persisted through, but to have been greatly modified by, the evolution of complex machinery (mitotic/meiotic) for the handling of multiple hereditary organelles at cell division and reduction division. The evolutionary modification of the ancestral system of sexual reproduction is suggested to have led in eucaryotes to the evolution of: the species phenomenon; allelic recombination; and the male-female phenomenon.

Notes: Abstract Patterns of flight activity have been recorded for caged male moths of Spilosoma lubricipeda and S. lutea under naturally changing light intensity. Male flight activity recorded in controlled-temperature cabinets ceased at about 2°. Mating success in S. lubricipeda declined with temperature, but moths mated at 2°. No results on mating were obtained for S. lutea because this species did not mate regularly in captivity.

Notes: Abstract Eggs and post-diapause pupae of S. lubricipeda were exposed to temperatures fluctuating on a 12-hour cycle. The fluctuations were of different amplitudes about several mean temperatures. Rate of development increased with amplitude of fluctuation at means of 10° and 12°C, but not at 15°. The threshold for eclosion was just above 10° for the eggs and just below 10° for the pupae. Eggs developed at temperatures below the threshold for eclosion. Daily patterns of the emergence of moths from the pupae were recorded.

Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of chloro(2,2′,2″-terpyridine)palladium(II)-chloride dihydrate, C15H15Cl2N3O2Pd, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystals are orthorhombic: space groupPna21,a = 17·217(9),b = 14·026(8),c = 6·801(5) Å,Z = 4. Least-squares refinement of 2064 non-zero manually gathered diffractometer reflexions was carried out to a conventional unweightedR of 0·069. The molecule consists of a basically planar 4-coordinate [Pd(terpy)Cl]+ cation and a Cl− anion. The molecules are packed in a layer structure in which the average separation is about 3·4 Å, the closest approach being 3·13 Å between a palladium atom and one of the nitrogen atoms of a neighboring molecule. Bond distances are within acceptable limits of predicted values. Deviations from planarity in the coordinated terpyridine ligand are presumably due to its steric limitations and are similar to those found in other terpyridine complexes.

Notes: Abstract The decay of 12.4 y152Eu to152Sm and152Gd was studied in a high resolution singles measurement and two 4096×2048 Ge(Li)-Ge(Li) coincidence studies. Forty-five gates were analyzed in order to confirm or establish the placement of the γ rays as well as to accurately determine the intensities of the 12 doublets, which included several not previously reported. A new γ-β interband transition, 4 γ + →2 β + (561.4 keV), a possible 3 γ + →2 β + (423.7 keV) transition, and a new 330.9 keV transition between the 4 γ + level and theI π K=3−0 octupole level were established from coincidence data. Levels at 1757.0 keV in152Sm and 1282.5, 1318.7, and 1692.2 keV in152Gd are now established on the basis of coincidence data. These data also establish for the first time the population in the152Eu decay levels at 1680.0 and 1047.9 keV in152Sm and152Gd, respectively, as well as a new level at 1700.8 keV in152Sm.

Notes: Abstract M x-ray —L x-ray coincidence measurements with high resolution, cooled Si(Li) x-ray detectors were made on transitions following the alpha decays of228Th,232U,238Pu, and244Cm, in order to determine the meanM-subshell fluorescence yields. The values obtained are:v 4 M =0.032±0.002, andv 5 M =0.024±0.002 atZ=88;v 1 M =0.038±0.003,v 4 M =0.042±0.002, andv 5 M =0.038±0.002 atZ=90;v 1 M =0.047±0.002,v 4 M =0.048±0.002, andv 5 M =0.044±0.002 atZ=92;v 1 M =0.066±0.002,v 4 M =0.062±0.002, andv 5 M =0.063±0.002 atZ=94. The quantityΩ 1 M +f 12 MΩ 2 M was measured as (56±10)×10−4, (62±12)×10−4, (99±18) ×10−4, and (93±15)×10−4 forZ=88, 90, 92, and 94, respectively, which agree well with the calculations of McGuire. The radiativeL 1-L 3 transition intensity was measured for the four atomic numbers and found to be consistently less than the calculations of Scofield by about 45 percent.