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  • Cambridge University Press  (591)
  • 1970-1974  (554)
  • 1935-1939  (37)
  • 11
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    Combined forced and natural convection with low-speed air flow over horizontal cylinders (1970)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1970-06-04
    Description: This article describes experimental work on the mixed convection régime with flow normal to electrically heated cylinders. The forcing velocities used were in the range 0·0085–3 ft./sec (i.e. 10−2 〈 Ref 〈 45) and temperature differences in the range 30°C to 200°C (i.e. 10−3 〈 Ra 〈 10) were covered. Correlations are proposed for the forced convection and natural convection conditions. A correlation is also developed for the combined forced and natural convection region by a vectorial addition of the flow parameters, which gives good agreement with the experiments except over a limited range in the contraflow régime. © 1970, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 12
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    The spacing, position and strength of vortices in the wake of slender cylindrical bodies at large incidence (1971)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1971-12-29
    Description: Extensive schlieren studies and yawmeter traverses of the wake behind slender cone-cylinders at large angles of incidence have shown that the flow pattern is generally steady. Under certain flow conditions, however, the wake exhibits an instability which is not understood. For cross-flow Reynolds numbers in the subcritical region the wake can be described in terms of a cross-flow Strouhal number which has a constant value of 0·2 for cross-flow Mach number components (Mc) up to 0·7 and then increases steadily to a value of 0·6 at Mc = 1·6. The strength of the wake vortices varies substantially with Mc, increasing to a maximum at Mc ≈ 0·7 and then decreasing rapidly for higher values of Mc. Schlieren photographs of the wake have been analysed by means of the impulse flow analogy and also by considering the vortices to be part of a yawed infinite vortex street. The impulse flow analogy is shown to be of use in determining the cross-flow Strouhal number but estimates of vortex strength are too high. The Kármán vortex street theory combined with the sweepback principle leads to reliable estimates of vortex strength up to Mc = 1·0. Information is given on the spacing, path and strength of the vortices shed from the body for flow conditions varying from incompressible speeds up to Mc = 1·0. Finally this information is used to determine the vortex drag of a two-dimensional circular cylinder below Mc = 1·0. © 1971, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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  • 13
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    Non-linear resonant instability in boundary layers (1971)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1971-11-29
    Description: An investigation is made of resonant triads of Tollmien-Schlichting waves in an unstable boundary layer. The triads considered are those comprising a two-dimensional wave and two oblique waves propagating at equal and opposite angles to the flow direction and such that all three waves have the same phase velocity in the downstream direction. For such a resonant triad remarkably powerful wave interations take place, which may cause a continuous and rapid transfer of energy from the primary shear flow to the disturbance. It appears that the oblique waves can grow particularly rapidly and it is suggested that such preferential growth may be responsible for the rapid development of three-dimensionality in unstable boundary layers. The non-linear energy transfer primarily takes place in the vicinity of the critical layer where the downstream propagation velocity of the waves equals the velocity of the primary flow. The theoretical analysis is initially carried out for a general primary velocity profile; then, in order to demonstrate the essential features of the results, precise interaction equations are derived for a particular profile consisting of a layer of constant shear bounded by a uniform flow. Some exact solutions of the general interaction equations are presented, one of which has the property that the wave amplitudes become indefinitely large at a finite time. The possible relevance of the present theoretical model to the experiments of Klebanoff, Tidstrom & Sargent (1962) is examined. © 1971, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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  • 14
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    Vortex shedding from a turbulent jet in a cross-wind (1971)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1971-07-13
    Description: Measurements in the wake behind turbulent jets exhausting from a solid surface into a cross-wind indicate that vortex shedding occurs as in the case of flow past solid bluff bodies. The Strouhal numbers for flow past a circular and a blunt jet are in qualitative agreement with those for corresponding solid bodies, provided that the width of the spreading jet some distance from the surface is used rather than the jet exit plane dimension. © 1971, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 15
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    Bounds for heat transport in a porous layer (1972)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1972-08-08
    Description: Bounds on the heat transport in a porous layer are derived using the variational method of Howard (1963) and Busse (1969b). The relatively simple structure of the variational problem in the case of porous convection allows one to formulate the theory more simply and to investigate some of the mathematical questions posed by the earlier work. A precise characterization of the solution with N wavenumbers is given. The variational problem is solved exactly among functions with a single overall wavenumber and this solution is in good agreement with a nonlinear perturbation solution of the governing equations and with experiments. An N-wavenumber solution is constructed for large Nusselt numbers by boundary-layer methods. The asymptotic solution is compared with a numerical solution of the problem for N = 2. The comparison supports the boundary-layer assumptions introduced in the asymptotic analysis. © 1972, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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  • 16
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    Eigenvalue bounds in linear inviscid stability theory (1972)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1972-06-27
    Description: New eigenvalue bounds are derived for the linear stability of inviscid parallel flows, both for homogeneous and for stratified fluids. The usefulness of these bounds, as compared with that of previous results, is assessed for several examples. For homogeneous fluids the new upper bounds for the imaginary part Cf of the complex phase velocity are sometimes better than previous criteria. For both homogeneous and stratified flows, the new upper bounds for the wave-number a of neutrally stable disturbances improve on previous results, giving values within 10 % of the known exact solution in several cases. © 1972, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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  • 17
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    An examination of the influence of waves on the ventilation of surface-piercing struts (1973)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1973-10-23
    Description: The paper examines the results of an experiment which was designed to elucidate the manner in which wave characteristics, strut geometry and aspect ratio influence the angles at which struts ventilate. The experiment was conducted using small-scale models in a towing tank which allowed the wave parameters to be varied independently. The results indicate which parameters of a seaway are most hazardous to the operation of a hydrofoil ship in high seas and suggest design features which may extend the capability range of such craft. © 1973, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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  • 18
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    Viscous incompressible flow between concentric rotating spheres. Part 2. Hydrodynamic stability (1971)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1971-09-29
    Description: The energy theory of hydrodynamic stability is applied to the viscous incompressible flow of a fluid contained between two concentric spheres which rotate about a common axis with prescribed angular velocities. The critical Reynolds number is calculated for various radius and angular velocity ratios such that it is certain the basic laminar motion is stable to any disturbances. The stability problem is solved by means of a toroidal–poloidal representation of the disturbance flow and numerical integration of the resulting eigenvalue problem. © 1971, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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  • 19
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    Forced resonant second-order interaction between damped internal waves (1972)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1972-10-24
    Description: A theoretical and experimental study is made of the second-order resonant interaction between triads of linearly damped waves, one common member of which is continuously forced. In the case of a single triad, if the forced wave exceeds a critical amplitude defined by properties of the triad members, energy proceeds irreversibly to the other two waves. A stable limit state is reached where all power in excess of that required to sustain a critical amplitude in the forced wave is transferred to the other waves, which also reach steady terminal amplitudes. It is shown that when two or more triads are simultaneously at resonance the only stable limit state is one wherein the forced wave has fallen to the lowest critical amplitude, and the only other two waves remaining are those of the triad possessing this critical amplitude. Regardless of their initial amplitudes, all other waves not externally forced ultimately disappear. The theory is applied to the interaction of standing internal gravity waves in a linearly stratified liquid. The experiments described here quantitatively confirm the major predictions. © 1972, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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  • 20
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    On the mechanism of blocking in a stratified fluid (1972)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1972-08-22
    Description: The steady, two-dimensional motion which can occur when a body moves horizontally at large Richardson number is examined. Theoretical evidence is presented for two propositions: (i) The nature of the motion depends on whether the vertical thickness of the body is large compared with an intrinsic length scale of the motion. (ii) If the body is sufficiently thick, then diffusion or heat conduction are important, even if the Schmidt or Prandtl number is large. The notion of ‘near-similar’ solutions (§4) is used to obtain a description of the motion past a thick body which is likely to approximate the real motion everywhere except fairly close to the body surface (§5). It predicts a very long wake, at the core of which is a blocking column, both fore and aft of the body (§5). The same prediction is implied for the two-dimensional Taylor column in a rotating system (§6). © 1972, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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