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  • Weitere Quellen  (23)
  • 1975-1979  (23)
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  • 1
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    Stratospheric aerosols and climatic change (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The effect of stratospheric aerosols on climate is considered using an aerosol model and a radiative convective 1-D climate model.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 159-163
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
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    Stratospheric aerosols and climatic change (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Generated primarily by volcanic explosions, a layer of submicron silicate particles and particles made of concentrated sulfuric acids solution is present in the stratosphere. Flights through the stratosphere may be a future source of stratospheric aerosols, since the effluent from supersonic transports contains sulfurous gases (which will be converted to H2SO4) while the exhaust from Space Shuttles contains tiny aluminum oxide particles. Global heat balance calculations have shown that the stratospheric aerosols have made important contributions to some climatic changes. In the present paper, accurate radiative transfer calculations of the globally-averaged surface temperature (T) are carried out to estimate the sensitivity of the climate to changes in the number of stratospheric aerosols. The results obtained for a specified model atmosphere, including a vertical profile of the aerosols, indicate that the climate is unlikely to be affected by supersonic transports and Space Shuttles, during the next decades.
    Schlagwort(e): Environment Pollution
    Materialart: Nature; 263; Oct. 14
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    The effect of volcanic activity on climate (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Radiative transfer calculations of the global energy balance were performed to estimate the change in mean surface temperature that results from the addition of volcanic aerosols to the stratosphere. Results of the calculations are consistent with stratospheric warming observed in the last few months following the eruption of Mt. Agung and the average surface temperature decrease found for the two year period following major volcanic explosions.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: WMO Long-term Climatic Fluctuations; p 279-285
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    A one-dimensional model describing aerosol formation and evolution in the stratosphere. I - Physical processes and mathematical analogs. II - Sensitivity studies and comparison with observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A new time-dependent one-dimensional model of the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer is developed. The model treats atmospheric photochemistry and aerosol physics in detail and includes the interaction between gases and particles explicitly. It is shown that the numerical algorithms used in the model are quite precise. Sensitivity studies and comparison with observations are made. The simulated aerosol physics generates a particle layer with most of the observed properties. The sensitivity of the calculated properties to changes in a large number of aeronomic aerosol parameters is discussed in some detail. The sensitivity analysis reveals areas where the aerosol model is most uncertain. New observations are suggested that might help resolve important questions about the origin of the stratospheric aerosol layer.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Apr. 197
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Are solar spectral variations a drive for climatic change (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The effects of UV variations on atmospheric ozone content and climate for time scales encompassing the 27-day solar rotation period, the sunspot period, twice the solar magnetic, and also longer time periods are examined. The studies of the relationship between solar UV variations, atmospheric ozone content and atmospheric temperatures were conducted by estimating the impact of such variations on tropospheric temperature. The total luminosity constant is then held and the dependence of the ozone variations on the forcing period is calculated. It is concluded that solar UV variations on time scales of weeks to months occasionally perturb total ozone and stratospheric temperatures by noticeable amounts but result in only minor changes in the troposphere.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Nature; 282; Dec. 6
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
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    Application of a coupled aerosol formation: Radiative transfer model to climatic studies of aerosols (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: A sophisticated one dimensional physical-chemical model of the formation and evolution of stratospheric aerosols was used to predict the size and number concentration of the stratospheric aerosols as functions of time and altitude following: a large volcanic eruption; increased addition of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) or sulfur dioxide (SO2) to the troposphere; increased supersonic aircraft (SST) flights in the stratosphere; and, large numbers of space shuttle (SS) flights through the stratosphere. A radiative-convective one dimensional climate sensitivity study, using the results of the aerosol formation model, was performed to assess the ground level climatic significance of these perturbations to the stratospheric aerosol layer. Volcanic eruptions and large OCS or SO2 increases could cause significant climatic changes. Currently projected SS launches and moderate fleets of SST's are unlikely to upset the stratospheric aerosol layer enough to significantly impact climate.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 253-257
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Simulated lidar return from a one-dimensional stratospheric aerosol model (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Results are presented for theoretical calculations of lidar backscatter at wavelengths of 0.6943 and 1.06 microns from the stratospheric aerosol. The computations are based on the size distribution, particle number density, and particle composition predicted by a one-dimensional model of the stratospheric aerosol layer that assumes that the primary source of sulfur to the stratosphere is biogenic OCS released at ground level. The aerosol particles are taken to be spherical liquid H2SO4-H2O solution droplets with solid cores, which undergo condensation, evaporation, coagulation, sedimentation, and vertical eddy mixing. The theoretical backscatter profiles are compared with experimental results obtained from actual lidar observations of the stratospheric aerosol layer before and after the eruption of Volcan de Fuego in October 1974. The model predictions are shown to be in good agreement with the average of a number of observations.
    Schlagwort(e): ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Materialart: Nature; 278; Mar. 8
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
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    Volcanic explosions and climatic change - A theoretical assessment (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A theoretical assessment is presented of the influence of volcanic activity on the climate. The methodology of radiative transfer calculations is described and the sources of the adopted parameters are considered. The dependence of various quantities of interest is plotted as a function of the change in the optical depth of the stratosphere at a reference wavelength. An investigation is conducted concerning the increase in optical depth produced by volcanic explosions. An estimate is obtained regarding the magnitude of the mean surface temperature change resulting from the added aerosols.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Feb. 20
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    A global average model of atmospheric aerosols for radiative transfer calculations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: A global average model is proposed for the size distribution, chemical composition, and optical thickness of stratospheric and tropospheric aerosols. This aerosol model is designed to specify the input parameters to global average radiative transfer calculations which assume the atmosphere is horizontally homogeneous. The model subdivides the atmosphere at multiples of 3 km, where the surface layer extends from the ground to 3 km, the upper troposphere from 3 to 12 km, and the stratosphere from 12 to 45 km. A list of assumptions made in construction of the model is presented and discussed along with major model uncertainties. The stratospheric aerosol is modeled as a liquid mixture of 75% H2SO4 and 25% H2O, while the tropospheric aerosol consists of 60% sulfate and 40% soil particles above 3 km and of 50% sulfate, 35% soil particles, and 15% sea salt below 3 km. Implications and consistency of the model are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Mar. 197
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Estimates of the climatic impact of aerosols produced by Space Shuttles, SST's, and other high flying aircraft (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-27
    Beschreibung: Solar and terrestrial radiative transfer calculations are performed to evaluate the effect of additional aerosols (sulfuric acid, aluminum oxide) produced by aircraft and Space Shuttles flying through the stratosphere on the global heat balance. The results are presented by plotting the dependence of various quantities of interest as a function of the change in the optical depth of the stratosphere at a reference wavelength of 0.55 micron. Perturbation optical depths that will result from the amount of emission expected from supersonic transports (SSTs) and Space Shuttles over the next several decades are determined. The magnitude and importance of the surface temperature change resulting from the added aerosols are assessed. The effect of added aerosols on ozone destruction is evaluated. It is shown that the aerosols produced by SSTs, other high flying aircraft, and Space Shuttles over the next several decades would not seriously alter the climate. However, the effect of SSTs is sufficiently close to the threshold limit, which requires reevaluation as new data are available.
    Schlagwort(e): ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Mar. 197
    Format: text
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