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  • 1
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1978-03-03
    Description: Human circulating monocytes in tissue culture are capable of resorbing devitalized adult and fetal bone. An important component of this process is the adhesion of the cells to the mineralized substrate and the localized removal of matrix from beneath the attached cells. The process appears to involve both release of lysosomal enzymes onto the substrate and intracellular accumulation (transport) of resorbed matrix.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kahn, A J -- Stewart, C C -- Teitelbaum, S L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Mar 3;199(4332):988-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/622581" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone Matrix/cytology/metabolism/physiology ; *Bone Resorption ; Bone and Bones/embryology/metabolism ; Calcium Radioisotopes ; Cell Adhesion ; Culture Techniques ; Humans ; Monocytes/cytology/metabolism/*physiology ; Rats
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Some of the main questions regarding the composition, structure, and origin of the atmosphere of Venus are posed. These questions are (1) the distribution of the constituents of the lower atmosphere, (2) cloud composition, (3) the planet's surface and interior as revealed by atmospheric data, (4) the state property profiles and their variation over the planet, (5) the reason for the high temperatures of the lower atmosphere, (6) composition and temperature profiles of the upper atmosphere and location of the homopause, (7) spatial and temporal variations in the upper atmosphere, (8) the cause of the stability of CO2 - global circulation or local turbulence, (9) influence of neutral composition on the thermal structure, (10) response of upper atmosphere to change in solar EUV and solar wind, (11) the source and destination of the atmosphere, and (12) the location of Venus's water. The main parameters to be measured which will aid in resolving these problems are enumerated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; May 1977
    Format: text
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Current knowledge of the temperature structure of the atmosphere of Venus is briefly summarized. The principal features to be explained are the high surface temperature, the small horizontal temperature contrasts near the cloud tops in the presence of strong apparent motions, and the low value of the exospheric temperature. In order to understand the role of radiative and dynamical processes in maintaining the thermal balance of the atmosphere, a great deal of additional data on the global temperature structure, solar and thermal radiation fields, structure and optical properties of the clouds, and circulation of the atmosphere are needed. The ability of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe Missions to provide these data is indicated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: Selected results are presented for an analysis of Mariner 9 1304-A data from the first 100 passes. Based on a comparison of limb data, the exospheric temperature appears lower on several Mariner 9 passes than when Mariner 6 and 7 encountered the planet in 1969. Temperatures of 300 and 350 K are considered in the atmospheric modeling. At 300 K, derived values of the atomic oxygen concentration are typically between 0.5 and 1 percent of the total density at 135 km, based on fitting theoretical intensities to limb data from several passes. Structure in the limb data below 200 km suggests the possibility that approximately 0.2 kR of the observed approximately 0.8 kR near 150 km is due to dissociative excitation of CO2. There is variability in limb profiles indicating changes in the O distribution with time. The variability does not appear to follow a recognizable pattern. Interpretation of the 1304-A disc data shows a correlation in intensity with the 10.7 cm solar flux and larger O concentrations in the afternoon than in the morning. The correlation in intensity with the 10.7 cm flux is probably due largely to variation in the solar 1304-A fluxes. Selected disc data show localized and random enhancements in the intensity.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Several photometric measurements of Venus made from the Pioneer Venus orbiter and probes indicate that solar near-ultraviolet radiation is being absorbed throughout much of the main cloud region, but little above the clouds or within the first one or two optical depths. Radiative transfer calculations were carried out to simulate both Pioneer Venus and ground-based data for a number of proposed cloud compositions. This comparison rules out models invoking nitrogen dioxide, meteoritic material, and volatile metals as the source of the ultraviolet absorption. Models involving either small (approximately 1 micrometer) or large (approximately 10 micrometers) sulfur particles have same serious difficulties, while ones invoking sulfur dioxide gas appear to be promising.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 205; July 6
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The night airglow spectrum of Venus in the ultraviolet is dominated by the V-prime = 0 progressions of the gamma and delta bands of nitric oxide. The bands are produced by two-body radiative recombination of nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Since the source of these atoms is in the dayside thermosphere, the night airglow is a tracer of the day-to-night thermospheric circulation. The airglow is brightest at equatorial latitudes and at longitudes on the morning side of the antisolar meridian.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 205; July 6
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A geologic map of the Mare Smythii region of the moon is presented, and the configuration of the basin is defined. An isopach map of the total thickness of the undivided floor materials is based on the observed dependency of crater rim height to diameter of partially buried craters. Mare Smythii is one of the oldest of the circular basins. The proposed sequence of geologic events is (1) impact that produced the Smythii basin in pre-Imbrian time, (2) extensive period of large-scale pre-Imbrian cratering and isostatic adjustments, (3) deposition of pre-Imbrian and Imbrian plains material, (4) early Imbrian period of cratering followed by an extensive sequence of flows through late Imbrian time in the northeastern part of the basin, and (5) late period of cratering during Eratosthenian and Copernican time that produced young craters.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Conference; Mar 17, 1975 - Mar 21, 1975; Houston, TX
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Pioneer Venus Orbiter ultraviolet spectrometer sees variable disk brightness features similar to the well-known 'UV markings' seen at longer wavelengths. The bright features are consistent with a homogeneous cloud of H2SO4 aerosols. The darker features show the presence of a broad-band absorber, which is at some depth in the cloud layer. Additional contrast arises from SO2 absorption. The observed strength of the SO2 absorption as a function of wavelength rules out a uniform mixing ratio for the SO2. The data are well fitted by an inhomogeneous light scattering model in which the SO2 scale height is one-fifth of the CO2 scale height, and the mixing ratio of SO2 at 40 mb is 10 to the -7th. A model of the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the upper cloud reproduces the observed vertical distribution of SO2 and indicates that SO2 alone is sufficient to produce the observed amount of H2SO4 in this region.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; July 197
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ultraviolet spectroscopy of the Venus cloud tops reveals absorption features attributed to sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere above the cloud tops. Measurements of scattered sunlight at 2663 angstroms show evidence for horizontal and vertical inhomogeneities in cloud structure. Images of the planet at SO2 absorption wavelengths show albedo features similar to those seen at 3650 angstroms from Mariner 10. Airglow emissions are consistent with an exospheric temperature of about 275 K, and a night airglow emission has been detected, indicating the precipitation of energy into the dark thermosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 203; Feb. 23
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper presents model calculations for the Cytherean nighttime and daytime ionosphere. It is shown how some of the proposed mechanisms can be tested with the aid of the Pioneer Venus observations scheduled for December 1978. Theoretical calculations of the energetics of the Cytherean ionosphere are performed, and it is concluded that the Project Venus measurements will find elevated ion and electron temperatures, resulting primarily from energy fluxes associated in some manner with the solar wind. According to this model, the energy flux will act directly on the ion gas. Ultraviolet dayglow intensities were calculated, and it is anticipated that hundreds of kR's of CO2-related emission features such as the CO Cameron bands will be observed. Nightside ionosphere calculations were made assuming the precipitation of energetic electrons as an ionization source, and the intensities of some of the resulting emission features are calculated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; July 197
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