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  • 1975-1979  (10)
  • 1965-1969  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 25 (1976), S. 1-43 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A simple model, illustrating the transition from a population of free swimming, solitary cells (Chlamydomonas-type) to one consisting of small colonies (Gonium-type) serves as a basis to discuss the evolution of the cooperative group. The transition is the result of a mutation of the dynamics of cell division, delayed cell separation leads to colonies of four cells. With this mutation cooperative features appear, such as synchronised cell divisions within colonies and coordinated flagellar function which enables the colony to swim in definite directions. The selective advantages under given, environmental conditions are defined and the periods necessary for complete allelic replacement in small populations are calculated for asexual and sexual reproduction. The assumption of a steady-state population during allelic substitution is critically considered, particularly under conditions of competition. It is shown that density-dependent population control must operate in the process of selection. Sexual reproduction slows down the rate of selection even though all cells dre haploid. This phenomenon can be explained in general terms of `organizational dominance', where individual units coordinate the function of their neighbours which may be of a different allelotype. Cooperativity is pointed out as an a priori systemic feature which resides in the sub-units of systems, group formation and coordination appears thus as an almost inevitable event. A particular type of system described as ‘closed cycle of positive fitness interaction’ is discussed in more detail. It has the remarkable feature that its members cannot compete with each other; selection takes place between whole cycles (in analogy to Eigen's 1971 model). Gonium has a wide spectrum of `somatic plasticity' which enables it to assume various colonial configurations depending on physiological and environmental conditions. This feature can be explained as the result of dynamic flexibilities on the macro-molecular level. The particular relationship between the vast, molecular complexity and the relative simple dynamics of the cell cycle must lead eventually to the genetic fixation of an environmentally induced phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 27 (1978), S. 133-158 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The theory is presented that the sexual process is a repair mechanism which maintains redundancy within the sub-structure of hierarchical, self-reproducing organisms. In order to keep the problems within mathematically tractable limits (see Part II), a simple model is introduced: a wheel with 6 spokes, 3 of them vital and 3 redundant, symbolizes the individual (cell or organism). Random accidents destroy spokes; the wheels replicate at regular cycles and engage periodically in pairing and repair phases during which missing spokes are copy-reproduced along the intact spokes of the partner wheel. The hierarchical structure of such a system is analysed and an ‘autonomous unit’ is defined: this is the unit of minimal hierarchical complexity which is capable of perpetuating autonomously all higher and all lower levels of the hierarchy; this is the central unit of selection. Four basic, physical parameters are isolated which determine the essential features of any eucaryotic life cycle: 1. The number of levels of the hierarchy (unicellular, multicellular, colonial, etc.); 2. the relation between the phases of replication (asexual generations) and repair (sexual generations); 3. the duration of potential repair (haplo- diplo-phases); 4. the position of the sexual partners within the hierarchy (selfing, monecy, dioecy, reproductive individuals within colonies, etc.). The evaluation of fitness components is considered in relation to trends of reproductive patterns in evolution.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The dynamics of populations of self-replicating, hierarchically structured individuals, exposedto accidents which destroy their sub-units, is analyzed mathematically, specifically with regardto the roles of redundancy and sexual repair. The following points emerge from this analysis:0 1. A population of individuals with redundant sub-structure has no intrinsic steady-statepoint; it tends to either zero or infinity depending on a critical accident rate α c . 2. Increased redundancy renders populations less accident prone initially, but populationdecline is steeper if a is greater than a fixed value α d . 3. Periodic, sexual repair at system-specific intervals prevents continuous decline and stabilizesthe population insofar as it will now oscillate between two fixed population levels. 4. The stabilizing sexual interval increases with increased complexity provided this is accom-panied by appropriate levels of redundancy. 5. The model closely simulates the dynamics of heterosis effects. 6. Repair fitness is a population fitness: the chance of an individual being repaired is a functionof the statistical make-up of the population as a whole at that particular period. Populationsliving at α 〉 α c either engage in sexual repair at the appropriate time or they die out. 7. The mathematical properties of the model illustrate mechanisms which possibly played arole in the evolution of a mortal soma in relation to sexual reproduction.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 28 (1979), S. 239-282 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The general inorganic nature of traditional selection theory (based on differential growth between any two systems) is pointed out, wherefrom it follows that this theory cannot provide explanations for the characteristics of organic evolution. Specific biophysical aspects enter with the complexity of macro-molecules: vital physical conditions for the perpetuation of the system, irrevocable extinction (= death) and random change leading to novelty, are the result of ‘complexity per se’. Further biophysical properties are a direct function of the pathway along which random mutation in nucleic acids is converted into continuous protein — (specifically enzyme) — function, from there into organismic phenotype with fitness components which may, or may not, correspond to identifiable structural units in DNA. The general machine-like properties of enzymes, in that there is no additive relationship between structural (amino acid) composition and functional output, is discussed in more detail. The continuous growth functions of molecular concentrations, directed by enzyme turnover, determine simple laws of growth and morphogenesis in the organic hierarchy and thus of phenotype. Thus, the combined effect of DNA-structure and of environmental parameters (temperature, pressure, pH, etc.) on protein function determines ultimately the actual phenotype and hence, quality and intensity of genotypic selection.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 25 (1976), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Boltzmann's gas model representing the second law of thermodynamics is based on the improbability of certain molecular distributions in space. Maxwell argued that a hypothetical ‘being’ with the faculty of seeing individual molecules (Maxwell's Demon) could bring about such improbable distributions, thus violating the law of entropy. However, it appears that to render the molecules visible for any observer would increase the entropy more than the demon could decrease it, hence ‘Maxwell's Demon cannot operate’ (Brillouin, 1951). In the study presented here Maxwell's Demon is interpreted in a general way as a biological observer system within (possibly closed) systems which can upset thermodynamic probabilities provided that the relative magnitudes between observer system and observed system are appropriate. Maxwell's Demon within Boltzmann's Gas Model thus appears only as a special case of inappropriate, relative magnitude between the two systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 452 (1979), S. 123-140 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Complex Chemical Behaviour of Cl3V≡N—Cl against Lewis Acids and Bases. Crystal Structure of the Complexes Cl3VNCl(SbCl5)2 and Cl3(bipy)VNClCl3VNCl does not behave as a base towards Lewis acids. Whereas no reaction takes place with BCl3 and AlCl3, Cl3VNCl is reduced by AsF3 and partly fluorinated. With SbCl5 the molecular complex Cl3VNCl(SbCl5)2 is formed, which is extremly sensitive to hydrolysis and thermally unstable. The crystal structure was determined at -95°C. Each Cl3VNCl unit is bonded to two SbCl5 molecules via Cl bridges, so that the V and Sb atoms have the coordination number 6 in the form of distorted octahedra. The geometry of the linear V≡N—Cl group is unchanged with respect to the pure Cl3VNCl (bond lengths V—N = 165.5, N—Cl = 160.3 pm, angle V—N—Cl = 179.5°). Cl3VNCl reacts exothermically as a Lewis acid towards phosphines and nitrogen bases forming the complexes Cl3(R3P)VNCl (R = —nC4H9, —C6H5), Cl3(py)VNCl, Cl3(py)2VNCl and Cl3(bipy)VNCl. The crystal structure of Cl3(bipy)VNCl shows the presence of monomeric complexes. The symmetry of these complexes is near to Cs, whereby the bipyridyl ligand with the V≡N—Cl group and one extra Cl atom lie in the mirror plane. The V—N—Cl group is almost unaffected by the complex formation (bond lengths V—N = 168.8, N—C1 = 158.6 pm, angle V—N—C1 = 175.0°). The way of bonding in the V≡N—Cl group leads to an interpretation of the new compounds and of C13VNCl as nitrene complexes. NH4CI reacts with C13VNCl forming the anion [CI5VNC1]2-. IR data show that the anion possesses a bent V—N—Cl group with an sp2-hybridised nitrogen atom and a V—N double bond (ν(VN) = 925 cm-).
    Notes: Cl3VNCl verhält sich gegenüber Lewissäuren nicht wie eine Base. Während mit BCl3 und AlCl3 keine Reaktion eintritt, wird Cl3VNCl von AsF3 reduziert und teilweise fluoriert. Mit SbCl5 bildet sich der extrem hydrolyseempfindliche und thermisch wenig stabile Molekülkomplex Cl3VNCl(SbCl5)2, dessen Kristallstruktur bei -95°C bestimmt wurde. Danach ist jedes Cl3VNCl mit zwei SbCl5-Molekeln über Cl-Brücken verknüpft, so daß das V- und die Sb-Atome die Koordinationszahl 6 in Form verzerrter Oktaeder erreichen. Die Geometrie der linearen V≡N—Cl-Gruppe ist im Vergleich zum reinen Cl3VNCl unverändert (Abstand V—N = 165,5; N—Cl = 160,3 pm; Winkel V—N—Cl = 179,5°). Mit Phosphinen und Stickstoffbasen reagiert Cl3VNCl exotherm als Lewissäure unter Bildung der Komplexe Cl3(R3P)VNCl (R = n · C4H9, C6H5), Cl3(py)VNCl, Cl3(bipy)VNCl. Die Kristallstruktur des Cl3(bipy)VNCl zeigt, daß monomere Komplexe vorliegen, die annähernd die Symmetrie Cs besitzen, wobei der Bipyridylligand mit der V≡N—Cl-Gruppe und einem weiteren Cl-Atom auf der Spiegelebene liegen. Die V≡N—Cl-Gruppe wird durch die Komplexbildung praktisch nicht beeinflußt (Abstand V—N = 168,8; N—Cl = 158,5 pm; Winkel V—N—Cl = 175,0□) Die Bindungsverhältnisse in der V≡N—Cl-Gruppe legen eine Interpretation der dargestellten Verbindungen und des Cl3VNCl als Nitrenkomplex nahe. NH4Cl reagiert mit Cl3VNCl unter Bildung des Anions [Cl5VNCl]2-, für das aufgrund IR-spektroskopischer Befunde eine gewinkelte V = N-Cl-Gruppe mit einer sp2-Hybridisierung am Stickstoff und einer V—N-Doppelbindung (v (VN) = 925 cm-1) angenommen wird.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1977-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0043-1354
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2448
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1978-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1979-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0044-2313
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-3749
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Wiley
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