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  • GEOPHYSICS  (17)
  • ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION  (5)
  • 1980-1984  (22)
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  • 1
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    The stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer - Processes, models, observations, and simulations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: After briefly reviewing the observational data on the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer, the chemical and physical processes that are likely to fix the properties of the layer are discussed. We present appropriate continuity equations for aerosol particles, and show how to solve the equations on a digital computer. Simulations of the unperturbed aerosol layer by various published models are discussed and the sensitivity of layer characteristics to variations in several aerosol model parameters is studied. We discuss model applications to anthropogenic pollution problems and demonstrate that moderate levels of aerospace activity (supersonic transport and Space Shuttle operations) will probably have only a negligible effect on global climate. Finally, we evaluate the possible climatic effect of a ten-fold increase in the atmospheric abundance of carbonyl sulfide.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics; 118; 1-2,; 1980
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  • 2
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    Space Shuttle ice nuclei (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Estimates are made showing that, as a consequence of rocket activity in the earth's upper atmosphere in the Shuttle era, average ice nuclei concentrations in the upper atmosphere could increase by a factor of two, and that an aluminum dust layer weighing up to 1000 tons might eventually form in the lower atmosphere. The concentrations of Space Shuttle ice nuclei (SSIN) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere were estimated by taking into account the composition of the particles, the extent of surface poisoning, and the size of the particles. Calculated stratospheric size distributions at 20 km with Space Shuttle particulate injection, calculated SSIN concentrations at 10 and 20 km altitude corresponding to different water vapor/ice supersaturations, and predicted SSIN concentrations in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 298; Aug. 26
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Implications of stratospheric aerosol measurements for models of aerosol formation and evolution (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Calculations of the distribution of stratospheric sulfur gases and of stratospheric aerosols are compared with measurements obtained in Alaska during July 1979. Generally, the measurements are reasonably consistent with the model results. COS is the major sulfur-bearing gas in the stratosphere while CS2 plays a lesser role in the formation of sulfate aerosols. Ammonia, which earlier measurements suggested was a major aerosol constituent, is found to be a contaminant, so models without ammonia chemistry may be justified. The model and the measurements suggest that stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosols nucleate just above the tropopause, but they are older and have grown to larger sizes at higher altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 4
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    Importance of heterogeneous processes to tropospheric chemistry - Studies with a one-dimensional model (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A one-dimensional, time-dependent model of tropospheric air composition is developed which incorporates several heterogeneous physical and chemical processes. The model includes the interaction of gases, aerosols, and hydrometeors through the physical mechanisms of nucleation, condensation, evaporation, coagulation, coalescence, and deliquescence. Precipitation, sedimentation, and dry deposition act to remove material from the atmosphere, while chemical transformations occur both in the vapor and the condensed phases. The model also incorporates the sources and vertical diffusion of gases and particles, as well as changes in the solar intensity caused by light-scattering from aerosols and clouds. Preliminary simulations made using this model indicate that rainout and washout processes strongly influence the distributions of tropospheric gases and aerosols under certain conditions.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
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  • 5
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    Implications of smaller concentrations of stratospheric OH - A two-dimensional model study of ozone perturbations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: There is growing observational evidence that stratospheric OH concentrations are smaller than models have been predicting. Using very recent HOx reaction rate coefficient measurements in a two-dimensional photochemical model, results which support these observations are obtained. As a consequence of smaller OH concentrations, we show that perturbations of stratospheric ozone by NOx (SST emissions and nitrogen fertilizers) may be larger than expected, while perturbations due to added water vapor and chlorine (SSTs and chlorofluoromethanes, respectively) may be smaller.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Environment; 15; 9, 19; 1981
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  • 6
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    Nitrogen fertiliser and stratospheric ozone - Latitudinal effects (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Substantial increases in atmospheric N2O resulting from the increased use of nitrogen fertilizers might cause large (to 10%) decreases in the stratospheric ozone content. Such ozone decreases would be caused by catalytic reaction cycles involving odd-nitrogen that is formed by N2O decomposition in the upper stratosphere. Turco et al. (1978), using a background chlorine level of 2 ppbv, have shown that if the measured values of specified reactions are used a 50% increase in N2O would lead to a 2.7% increase in the stratospheric column density, although the ozone content above 30 km would be reduced by more than 5%; they also estimated (unpublished data) that the change in the ozone column density caused by doubling the N2O abundance would be very close to zero (within about 0.1%). The present paper extends these calculations of N2O/ozone effects to two dimensions, thereby identifying the latitude dependence expected for such ozone perturbations. The effects of changes in stratospheric chlorine levels on predicted ozone changes are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Nature; 283; Jan. 10
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  • 7
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    A two-dimensional model simulation of the EL Chichon volcanic eruption cloud (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using a two-dimensional model of sulfate photochemistry, transport, and aerosol microphysics, a 2-year period following the eruptions of El Chichon have been simulated. Present calculations suggest that the residence time of the cloud in the stratosphere exceeds 2 years. The model reproduces the observed optical depth, lidar backscatter, and infrared extinction coefficients, if about 10 megatonnes of SO2 are injected. The major deficiency of the model is a somewhat too rapid transport.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1053-105
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  • 8
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    The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens - Physical and chemical processes in the stratospheric clouds (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The large and diverse set of observational data collected in the high-altitude plumes of the May 18, May 25, and June 13, 1980 eruptions is organized and analyzed with a view to discerning the processes at work. The data serve to guide and constrain detailed model simulations of the volcanic clouds. For this purpose, use is made of a comprehensive one-dimensional model of stratospheric sulfate aerosols, sulfur precursor gases, and volcanic ash and dust. The model takes into account gas-phase and condensed-phase (heterogeneous) chemistry in the clouds, aerosol nucleation and growth, and cloud expansion. Computational results are presented for the time histories of the gaseous species concentrations, aerosol size distributions, and ash burdens of the eruption clouds. Also investigated are the long-term buildup of stratospheric aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere and the persistent effects of injected chlorine and water vapor on stratospheric ozone. It is concluded that SO2, water vapor, and ash were probably the most important substances injected into the stratosphere by the Mount St. Helens volcano, both with respect to their widespread effects on composition and their effect on climate.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; June 20
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  • 9
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    Long wavelength carbonyl sulfide photodissociation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The aeronomic implications of a preliminary observation of weak OCS photoabsorption above 270 nm are investigated. It is argued that the measured cross section is consistent with a forbidden transition in this wavelength region. Model calculations are made for the OCS photodissociation rates in daylight, the OCS and SO2 distributions in the upper atmosphere, and the budgets of sulfur in the stratosphere and OCS in the troposphere, assuming various extrapolations of the measured OCS absorption cross sections and quantum yields to longer wavelengths. It is shown that weak OCS absorption above 300 nm can have important consequences for all of these quantities. Laboratory and field experiments are identified which might lead to a better understanding of the atmospheric OCS cycle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; June 20
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  • 10
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    Stratospheric hydroxyl radical concentrations - New limitations suggested by observations of gaseous and particulate sulfur (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A one-dimensional aerosol model is employed in investigating the sensitivity of the stratospheric distributions of gaseous sulfur compounds and sulfate aerosol particles to changes in OH and CS2 concentrations, in eddy diffusion coefficients, and in important chemical rate constants. By comparing model predictions with recent observational data for SO2, OCS, and particulates, it is found that, with regard to atmospheric sulfur, CS2 is only a secondary source of sulfur for the stratosphere relative to OCS and that background tropospheric CS2 concentrations by volume are likely to be less than 70 parts per trillion. It is also established that under stratospheric conditions the rate coefficients for the reactions of OH with OCS and CS2 may be substantially smaller than the room temperature laboratory values of Kurylo (1978).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Feb. 20
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