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  • Articles  (2,076)
  • Springer  (1,187)
  • Wiley  (889)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • 1980-1984  (2,076)
  • Geosciences  (2,076)
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  • Articles  (2,076)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of ozone in the Colorado mountains (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 1 (1983), S. 87-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Tropospheric ozone ; ozone precursors ; photochemistry ; nitrogen oxides ; rural ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal and diurnal variations of ozone mixing ratios have been observed at Niwot Ridge. Colorado. The ozone mixing ratios have been correlated with the NO x (NO+NO2) mixing ratios measured concurrently at the site. The seasonal and diurnal variations in O3 can be reasonably well understood by considering photochemistry and transport. In the winter there is no apparent systematic diurnal variation in the O3 mixing ratio because there is little diurnal change of transport and a slow photochemistry. In the summer, the O3 levels at the site are suppressed at night due to the presence of a nocturnal inversion layer that isolated ozone near the surface, where it is destroyed. Ozone is observed to increase in the summer during the day. The increases in ozone correlate with increasing NO x levels, as well as with the levels of other compounds of anthropogenic origin. We interpret this correlation as in-situ or in-transit photochemical production of ozone from these precursors that are transported to our site. The levels of ozone recorded approach 100 ppbv at NO x mixing ratios of approximately 3 ppbv. Calculations made using a simple clean tropospheric chemical model are consistent with the NO x -related trend observed for the daytime ozone mixing ratio. However, the chemistry, which does not include nonmethane hydrocarbon photochemistry, underestimates the observed O3 production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00113981
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The geology of the Oceanographer Transform: The ridge-transform intersection (1984)
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 6 (1984), S. 109-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Seven dives in the submersible ALVIN and four deep-towed (ANGUS) camera lowerings have been made at the eastern ridge-transform intersection of the Oceanographer Transform with the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. These data constrain our understanding of the processes that create and shape the distinctive morphology that is characteristic of slowly-slipping ridge-transform-ridge plate boundaries. Although the geological relationships observed in the rift valley floor in the study area are similar to those reported for the FAMOUS area, we observe a distinct change in the character of the rift valley floor with increasing proximity to the transform. Over a distance of approximately ten kilometers the volcanic constructional terrain becomes increasingly more disrupted by faulting and degraded by mass wasting. Moreover, proximal to the transform boundary, faults with orientations oblique to the trend of the rift valley are recognized. The morphology of the eastern rift valley wall is characterized by inward-facing scarps that are ridge-axis parallel, but the western rift valley wall, adjacent to the active transform zone, is characterized by a complex fault pattern defined by faults exhibiting a wide range of orientations. However, even for transform parallel faults no evidence for strike-slip displacement is observed throughout the study area and evidence for normal (dip-slip) displacement is ubiquitous. Basalts, semi-consolidated sediments (chalks, debris slide deposits) and serpentinized ultramafic rocks are recovered from localities within or proximal to the rift valley. The axis of accretion-principal transform displacement zone intersection is not clearly established, but appears to be located along the E-W trending, southern flank of the deep nodal basin that defines the intersection of the transform valley with the rift floor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285956
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field tests of seasat bathymetric detections (1984)
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 7 (1984), S. 69-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of the locations and sizes of seamounts is of great importance in applications such as inertial navigation and ocean mining. The quality and density of bathymetry data in the equatorial regions and the southern hemisphere are, unifortunately, highly variable. Our present knowledge of bathymetry, and in particular of seamount locations and characteristics, is based upon ship surveys, which are both time-consuming and expensive. It is likely that a significant number of uncharted seamounts exist throughout the oceans, and remote-sensing techniques may be the most effective means of locating them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305411
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  • 4
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    A study of ozone in the Colorado mountains (1983)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0167-7764
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0662
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum on the Caribbean coast of Panama (1984)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 3 (1984), S. 173-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The ecologically important sea urchin Diadema antillarum suffered mass mortalities in 1983, first noted in Panama and then reported from the rest of the Caribbean. We documented the effects of this mortality at two localities on the Atlantic coast of Panama, Punta Galeta and the San Blas Archipelago. At Punta Galeta, affected by the mortality in January 1983, the numbers of D. antillarum changed from an estimated 14,000 per ha in June 1982 to 0.5 per ha in May 1983; by February 1984 they had increased to 38 per ha. In the San Blas, where mass mortality started in April 1983, the number of D. antillarum in permanent quadrats on 8 reefs was reduced by an average of 94.2%. The average reduction in population density measured in transects on nine reefs was 98.9%. Data taken in permanent quadrats on four reefs in 1978, 1979 and 1980 indicate that population fluctuations of D. antillarum are normally much smaller, justifying the labeling of the 1983 event as “mass mortality”. Size structure of the San Blas populations was also affected; mean test diameter of D. antillarum on four reefs was reduced from 48.6 mm to 25.0 mm. Other echinoids (Echinometra viridis, E. lucunter, Lytechinus variegatus, L. williamsi, Eucidaris tribuloides, Tripneustes ventricosus, Clypeaster rosaceus and Echinoneus cyclostomus) suffered no ill effects at either Galeta or the San Blas; their population densities remained stable or increased. Density determinations of Diadema mexicanum at the island of Taboguilla on the Pacific side of Panama indicate that Diadema mass mortality did not extend to the eastern Pacific. Sea surface temperatures, tidal levels, rainfall and salinity showed no abnormal fluctuations during the time of D. antillarum mass mortality at Galeta, suggesting that mortality was not due to physical stress. The wide geographical spread and species-specificity of the mortality suggest a water-borne pathogen as the most likely causative agent. Recovery of D. antillarum populations is likely to be slow because there are few, if any, unaffected populations in the Caribbean to contribute larvae for the recolonization of depleted areas. The absence of D. antillarum will probably be reflected by changes in the algal, coral and echinoid communities, and by altered patterns of bioerosion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00288252
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First manned submersible dives on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N (project RITA): General results (1981)
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 4 (1981), S. 345-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A submersible study has been conducted in February–March 1978 at the axis of the East Pacific Rise near 21°N. The expedition CYAMEX, the first submersible program to be conducted on the East Pacific Rise, is part of the French-American-Mexican project RITA (Rivera-Tamayo), a 3-year study devoted to detailed geological and geophysical investigations of the East Pacific Rise Crest. On the basis of the 15 dives made by CYANA in the axial area of the Rise, a morphological and tectonic zonation can be established for this moderately-fast spreading center. A narrow, 0.6 to 1.2 km wide zone of extrusion (zone 1), dominated by young lava flows, is flanked by a highly fissured and faulted zone of extension (zone 2) with a width of 1 to 2 km. Further out, zone 3 is dominated by outward tilted blocks bounded by inward-facing fault scarps. Active or recent faults extend up to 12 km from the axis of extrusion of the East Pacific Rise. This represents the first determination from direct field evidence of the width of active tectonism associated with an accreting plate boundary. Massive sulfide deposits, made principally of zinc, copper and iron, were found close to the axis of the Rise. Other signs of the intense hydrothermal activity included the discovery of benthic fauna of gian size similar to that found at the axis of the Galapagos Rift. We emphasize the cyclic character of the volcanicity. The main characteristics of the geology of this segment of the East Pacific Rise can be explained by the thermal structure at depth below this moderately-fast spreading center. The geological observations are compatible with the existence of a shallow magma reservoir centered at the axis of the Rise with a half-width of the order of 10 km.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286034
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eddy diffusion coefficients and the variance of the atmosphere 30–60 km (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1015-1032 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Eddy diffusion coefficients ; Atmosphere 30–60 km
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of numerical models or of new observational programs are checked by comparing them with past observations. Also, it is desirable that the eddy diffusion coefficients used in two-dimensional models be derived from the same data set as the circulation statistics which the model outputs are checked against, so that all results refer to the same atmospheric conditions. For the first time, the three components of the eddy diffusion matrix, from 30–60 km, 80°N–10°S are computed, together with the means, variances and covariances of the wind and temperature through the same region using the same data set for 1960–76 and the same handling and analysis methods for all variables. Horizontal diffusivities,K yy , are obtained from the variance and integral time scale of the meridional wind speed. The present values are generally smaller than past estimates, presumably because temporal variations longer than a month have been removed in this work. Estimates ofK yz are based on the tentative assumption that the diffusivity is proportional to the slope of isentropic surfaces, and estimates ofK zz are based on the assumption that small-scale gravity waves are primarily responsible for vertical mixing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01593047
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of acid water in a lead-zinc mine, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 3 (1980), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Bunker Hill Mine in Idaho's Coeur d'Alene mining district produces approximately 10 m3/minute of acid water containing high concentrations of heavy metals. Field and laboratory studies indicate that much of the acid water is produced in a single ore body in the upper part of the mine. The ore of this body contains mainly sphalerite, galena, and pyrite in a siderite-quartz gangue. Ground water recharges this ore body through a near-vertical zone of high permeability, which is the result of mining by the caving technique. Ore samples from the caving area contained oxidized forms of iron and produced acid in a laboratory leaching test. Leaching experiments with several ore samples from the mine also indicated that the ratio of pyrite to calcite in the samples strongly controlled the resultant pH values. Oxidation of pyrite to sulfuric acid and compounds of iron is apparently responsible for the production of acid water in the mine. In contrast, dissolution of calcite in water results in a basic solution, with pH around 8.3, that can neutralize the acid produced by the oxidation process. Methods for prevention of acid mine drainage in this and other similar mines are noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02473491
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrologic factors and90Sr transport: A case study (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 4 (1982), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Lack of runoff control is probably the most important potential source of problems in the operation of solid, low-level radioactive waste disposal areas. Solid waste disposal area (SWDA) 4 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is an example of the combined effects of hydrologic factors and burial ground operations on radionuclide transport. Results from a study of90Sr transport at SWDA 4 show that both surface water and groundwater flows are important runoff control considerations and may vary in relative importance over an extended period of time. For the area studied, it is currently estimated that at least 80% of the90Sr transport is directly related to surface runoff. Therefore, it is concluded that the key to remedial action at SWDA 4 is to control surface runoff.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380499
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wind dependence of underwater ambient noise (1983)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 26 (1983), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Sound generated underwater by wind waves displays two sensitivities to wind speed depending on whether the waves are breaking. A historical review is presented of several experimental studies over the years, as well as new results obtained at a relatively quiet, deep equatorial Pacific site. The duration of the experiment, the multiple high frequency bands as well as the desirable acoustic attributes of the site are useful in establishing the wind sensitivity, and its variability. The results are compared to a recent theoretical model of sound generation by oscillating bubbles in breaking waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121536
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