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  • Aplysia/*physiology  (4)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (4)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
  • 1980-1984  (4)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (4)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Associative learning in Aplysia: cellular correlates supporting a conditioned fear hypothesis (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-01-30
    Description: Aversive associative learning in Aplysia california survives restraint of the animal and surgical exposure of the central nervous system. The learning is expressed in the intracellularly recorded activity of identified motor neurons mediating three different defensive behaviors: escape locomotion, inking, and siphon withdrawal. In each case, animals that had previously received paired training showed significant facilitation of synaptic input to motor neurons during test stimulation in the presence of the conditioned stimulus. Animals without such training showed no facilitation of input to the motor neurons. Resting potential and input resistance appeared unaffected by conditioning and were not altered by application of the conditioned stimulus. These results show that the conditioned facilitation of defensive responses cannot be explained by subthreshold actions of the conditioned stimulus on the motor neurons and support the hypothesis that Aplysia learn to associate the conditioned stimulus with a fearlike central state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carew, T J -- Walters, E T -- Kandel, E R -- 5K02MH0081/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- 5K05MH18558/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- 5T32MH1574/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jan 30;211(4481):501-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7455692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Aplysia/*physiology ; Association Learning/*physiology ; Avoidance Learning/*physiology ; Learning/*physiology ; Locomotion ; Motor Neurons/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Associative Learning in Aplysia: evidence for conditioned fear in an invertebrate (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-01-30
    Description: Aversive classical conditioning of Aplysia californica, a gastropod mollusk suited for neurobiological study, produces a learned reaction to the chemosensory conditioned stimulus that is expressed as a marked facilitation of four defensive responses: two graded reflexes (head and siphon withdrawal), an all-or-none fixed act (inking), and a complex fixed action pattern (escape locomotion). In addition, the conditioned stimulus produces a concomitant depression of at least one appetitive response, feeding. These extensive and selective actions of the conditioned stimulus in Aplysia resemble the actions of conditioned fear stimuli in higher mammals and suggest that the functional equivalent of fear occurs in invertebrates and thus may be an adaptive mechanism that is widespread in the animal kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walters, E T -- Carew, T J -- Kandel, E R -- 5K02MH0081/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- 5K05MH18558/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- 5T32MH1574/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jan 30;211(4481):504-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7192881" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aplysia/*physiology ; Association Learning/*physiology ; Avoidance Learning/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology ; Defense Mechanisms ; Fear/*physiology ; Humans ; Learning/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Differential classical conditioning of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-01-28
    Description: The defensive siphon and gill withdrawal reflex of Aplysia is a simple reflex mediated by a well-defined neural circuit. This reflex exhibits classical conditioning when a weak tactile stimulus to the siphon is used as a conditioned stimulus and a strong shock to the tail is used as an unconditioned stimulus. The siphon withdrawal component of this reflex can be differentially conditioned when stimuli applied to two different sites on the mantle skin (the mantle shelf and the siphon) are used as discriminative stimuli. The differential conditioning can be acquired in a single trial, is retained for more than 24 hours, and increases in strength with increased trials. Differential conditioning can also be produced within the field of innervation of a single cluster of sensory neurons (the LE cluster) since two separate sites on the siphon skin can serve as discriminative stimuli. The finding that two independent afferent inputs that activate a common set of interneurons and motor neurons can be differentially conditioned restricts the possible cellular loci involved in the associative learning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carew, T J -- Hawkins, R D -- Kandel, E R -- 5KO2 M0081/PHS HHS/ -- 5KO5 MH18558/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS 12744/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Jan 28;219(4583):397-400.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6681571" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways/physiology ; Animals ; Aplysia/*physiology ; Conditioning, Classical/*physiology ; *Defense Mechanisms ; Humans ; Memory ; Reflex
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    A cellular mechanism of classical conditioning in Aplysia: activity-dependent amplification of presynaptic facilitation (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-01-28
    Description: A training procedure analogous to differential classical conditioning produces differential facilitation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP's) in the neuronal circuit for the siphon withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Thus, tail shock (the unconditioned stimulus) produces greater facilitation of the monosynaptic EPSP from a siphon sensory neuron to a siphon motor neuron if the shock is preceded by spike activity in the sensory neuron than if the shock and spike activity occur in a specifically unpaired pattern or if the shock occurs alone. Further experiments indicate that this activity-dependent amplification of facilitation is presynaptic in origin and involves a differential increase in spike duration and thus in Ca2+ influx in paired versus unpaired sensory neurons. The results of these cellular experiments are quantitatively similar to the results of behavioral experiments with the same protocol and parameters, suggesting that activity-dependent amplification of presynaptic facilitation may make a significant contribution to classical conditioning of the withdrawal reflex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hawkins, R D -- Abrams, T W -- Carew, T J -- Kandel, E R -- 5K02 MH0081/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- 5KO5 MH 18558/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- 5T32NS07062-06/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Jan 28;219(4583):400-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6294833" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Afferent Pathways/physiology ; Animals ; Aplysia/*physiology ; Calcium/physiology ; Conditioning, Classical/*physiology ; Learning/*physiology ; Motor Neurons/physiology ; Reflex ; Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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    PAPER CURRENT
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