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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (660)
  • Physics  (183)
  • Organic Chemistry  (81)
  • 1980-1984  (488)
  • 1965-1969  (242)
  • 1940-1944  (11)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 5 (1967), S. 1203-1221 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper deals with some new methods for synthesis of the polymeric semiconductors by conjugated reactions and also with electrophysical properties of the polymers. Elimination of hydrogen halides from α,β-dihalo derivatives by bases (calcium oxide or tertiary amines) yields polymers with conjugated bonds. The reaction proceeds at 200-300°C. under atmospheric or elevated pressures, acetylenes being the intermediates. α,β-Dihalo compounds with calcium carbide above 150°C. produce polyacetylenic copolymers by elimination of two moles of hydrogen halide, also by generating acetylene from calcium carbide. The identical reaction (elimination of water) was observed between carbonyl compounds and calcium carbide. Elimination of water from monoand bifunctional phenols in the presence of zinc chloride under pressure above 200°C. yields polyphenylenes and polyhydroxyphenylenes, dehydrobenzene (benzyne) and hydroxybenzyne being intermediates. The polyhydroxyphenylenes prepared have a degree of polymerization from 4-5 to several thousand and are of interest as intermediates for thermostable resins, inhibitors etc. Linear polycyanamide and polycyanic acid were first prepared by polycondensation of urea with ammonium bicarbonate in the presence of zinc chloride. Analogous polymers were obtained from the ring-opening polymerization of melamine and cyanuric acid. The polymers show good semiconductor and ion-exchange properties. Polycondensation of ketones with ammonium bicarbonate also gave conjugated polymers. Thus, organometallic polymers were prepared from acetyl- and diacetyl ferrocene. We have also studied electrophysical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of the conjugated polymers prepared by the new methods. The electrical conductivity of the best specimens ranged from 10-3 to 10-6 ohm-1 cm.-1; the number of electrons unpaired was 1018-1019 spins/g.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of 4-formyl-3-hydroxy-5-methacryloylaminomethyl-2-methylpyridine (7a) and 4-formyl-3-hydroxy-5-(N-methacryloyl-N-methyl)aminomethyl-2-methylpyridine (7b) is reported. The intermediate products 5-aminomethyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-2H,4H-[1,3]-dioxino[4,5-c]-pyridine hydrochloride (3a), 2,2,8-trimethyl-5-methylaminomethyl-2H,4H-[1,3]-dioxino[4,5-c]-pyridine hydrochloride (3b), 5-methacryloylaminomethyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-2H,4H-[1,3]-dioxino-[4,5-c]pyridine hydrochloride (5a), 5-(N-methacryloyl-N-methyl)aminomethyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-2H,4H-[1,3]-dioxino-[4,5-c]pyridine hydrochloride (5b), 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-5-metha-cryloylaminomethyl-2-methylpyridine (6a) and 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-5-(N-methacryloyl-N-methyl)aminomethyl-2-methylpyridine (6b) were isolated and identified.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Water-soluble polyacrylamide samples of various molecular weight, containing salicylaldehyde and lysine moieties, were prepared by copolymerization of (Nα-5-methacryloylamino-salicylidene-N∊-methacryloyl-(S)-lysinato) (pyridine)copper (II) (1) with acrylamide, followed by destruction of the copper complex by the disodium salt of EDTA. It is shown that at pH 〉 6 the formation of “internal” aldimine occurs in these samples. The degree of assembly of “internal” Schiff base is considerably higher than in the model low-molecular weight system and does not depend on: a) the molecular weight of the polyacrylamide sample; b) the polymer concentration in buffer solution; c) the presence of a cross-linking agent. On the basis of these data a conclusion is made that in the copolymerization of 1 with acrylamide, methacryloyl moieties, bonded with the amino groups of salicylaldehyde and lysine, form macrocycles, the cyclocopolymerization rate being much higher than the rate of cross-linked polymer formation. After the removal of copper ions from the polymer the lysine and salicylaldehyde moieties remain attached to the same polymer chain in the immediate vicinity of each other, thus favouring the formation of “internal” aldimine.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 5-Methacryloyl- and 5-isobutyrylaminosalicylaldehydes (5a and 5b, respectively) and diastereomeric complexes of their Schiff bases with amino acids and Co(III): potassium Λ- and Δ-bis-[N-5-methacryloylaminosalicylidene-(S)-valinato]cobaltate(III) (6a, b), potassium Λ- and Δ-bis[N-5-isobutyrylaminosalicylidene-(S)-norvalinato]cobaltate(III) (7a, b), potassium Λ- and Δ-bis[N-5-methacryloylaminosalicylidene-(S)-norvalinato]cobaltate(III) (8a, b), have been synthesized. Copolymerization of 6-7a, b with acrylamide and N,N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) leads to the formation of transparent hydrophilic gels in which the amino acid fragments preserve their ability of exchanging α-hydrogen for deuterium in an alkaline medium. Comparison of the behaviour of polymer complexes ℗-7a and ℗-7b in the process of base-catalyzed epimerization with their monomer analogues 8a and 8b shows that their stereoselectivity substantially changes when one goes from 8a to ℗-7a. Such an effect may be explained by stabilization of the initial conformation of the complex molecule by the polymer matrix formed around the complex acting as a template.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1249-1258 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymerization of allyl methacrylate (AMA) with wool fabrics using different initiators, namely, potassium persulphate, Fe2+—H2O2, benzoyl peroxide, ceric ammonium nitrate, and vanadium pentanitrate, was investigated. The percent of polymer add-on depends upon the type and concentration of the initiator. Addition of metallic salts such as Fe3+ to the polymerization system enhances polymerization significantly when benzoyl peroxide and potassium persulphate are used independently as initiator. The opposite holds true for ceric ammonium nitrate and vanadium pentanitrate. With Fe2+—H2O2, on the other hand, the enhancement is marginal. Also studied was the incorporation of Li+, Cu++, and Fe3+ at different concentrations in AMA - wool-benzoyl peroxide polymerization systems. Determination of the polymer add-on on the basis of double bond analysis revealed that the remained double bond is governed by the magnitude of the polymer add-on as well as by the type of initiator.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 33 (1966), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nach Feststellung der Verfasser wird bei der photochemischen Oxydation des Furfurol-diäthylacetals zunächst der Furanring abgebrochen und dann die Diäthylacetalgruppe eliminiert, wobei der ψ-Ester der Maleinaldehydsäure entsteht. Beim Furfurol-divinylacetal jedoch bleibt die Eliminierung der Acetalgruppe aus, da die nach vorausgegangenem Furanringabbruch entstandene Verbindung polymerisiert.Ferner wird aufgezeigt, daß das aus dem ψ-Ester der Maleinaldehydsäure entstandene Oxim in der Tat ein Oxim der Fumaraldehydsäure ist.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 19 (1980), S. 453-468 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complex formation between poly(U) and adenosine in solutions of salts that stabilize (Na2SO4), destabilize (NaClO4), or have little effect on the water structure (NaCl), as well as the poly(U)·poly(A) interaction in NaClO4, was studied by equilibrium dialysis and uv spectroscopy. At 3°C and neutral pH, Ado·2 poly(U) is formed in 1M NaCl and 0.33M Na2SO4. In NaClO4 solutions under the same conditions, an Ado·poly(U) was found over the whole range of salt concentration investigated (10 mM-1M), which has not been previously observed under any conditions. The Ado-poly(U) was also found in a NaCl/NaClO4 mixture, the transition from the triple- to the double-helical complex occurring within a narrow range of concentration of added NaClO4. In the presence of 1M NaCl this transition is observed on adding as little as 10 mM NaClO4, i.e., at a [ClO4-]/[Cl-] ratio of about 1:100. However, when NaClO4 is added to a 1M solution of the stabilizing salt Na2SO4, no transition occurs even at a [ClO4-]/[SO42-] ratio of 1:4. Investigation of melting curves and uv spectra has shown that in an equimolar mixture of the polynucleotides, only a double-helical poly(U)·poly(A) exists in 1M NaClO4 at low temperatures; this also holds for 1M NaCl. This changes to a triple-helical 2 poly(U)·poly(A) and then dissociates as the temperature increases. At low temperatures and the poly(U)/poly(A) concentration ratio of 2:1, a mixture of 2 poly(U)·poly(A) and poly(U)·poly(A) was observed in 1M NaClO4, in contrast to the case of 1M NaCl. Thus, sodium perchlorate, a strong destabilizer of water structure, promotes formation of double-helical complexes both in the polynucleotide-monomer and the polynucleotide-polynucleotide systems.Beginning with a sufficiently high ionic strength (μ ≃ 0.9), a further increase in the salt molarity results in an increase of the poly(U)·adenosine melting temperature in both stabilizing and neutral salts and a decrease in the destabilizing salt. In Na2SO4 concentrations higher than 1.2M Ado·2 poly(U) precipitates at room temperature. Analysis of the binding isotherms and melting profiles of the complexes between poly(U) and adenosine according to Hill's model shows that the cooperativity of binding, due to adenosine stacking on poly(U), increases in the order NaClO4 〈 NaCl 〈 Na2SO4. The free energy of adenosine stacking on the template is similar to that of hydrogen bonding between adenosine and poly(U) and ranges from -1 to -2 kcal/mol. The values of ΔHt [the effective enthalpy of adenosine binding to poly(U) next to an occupied site, obtained from the relationship between complex melting temperature and free monomer concentration at the midpoint of the transition] are -14.2, -18.3, and -16.8 kcal/mol for 1M solutions of NaClO4, NaCl, and Na2SO4, respectively. The results indicate that the effects of anions of the salts studied are related to water structure alterations rather than to their direct interaction with the complexes between poly(U) and adenosine.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 2413-2432 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We suggest a theory of Ψ-condensation, based on the assumption that a compact DNA particle is a globule, and specifically that a polymer solution is a strongly fluctuating system and that double-stranded DNA is a stiff homopolymer single-stranded chain. We show the DNA globule as it appears in a dilute poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solution. The corresponding phase transition is investigated in detail. Growth of the PEO concentration should lead to a decrease in the size of the compact particle and to an increase in its optical rotatory power. Conditions are defined at which drastic compaction of DNA takes place, accompanied by the loss of its optic rotatory power, in regions of high PEO concentrations.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Verlauf der Polykondensation eines einfachen Systems aus Diol und Dicarbonsäure ohne die katalytische Wirkung einer zusätzlichen Säure wurde mit Hilfe der Säurezahl-Bestimmung und der Menge an entstehendem Wasser untersucht. Das System wurde verschiedenen geeigneten isothermen und nicht isothermen Aufheizprogrammen unterworfen, die zu einem Polyester mit einer Säurezahl SZ = 40 führten. Dieser Wert stellt in allgemeinenein Kriterium für die technologische Anwendbarkeit von Polyestern dar.Weiter wurde die Kinetik der Polyveresterung untersucht und die mathematische Behandlng der experimentellen Ergebnisse sowohl für die Säurezahl als auch für die Menge des entstehenden Wassers durchgeführt. Aus den beiden Messungen wurden zwei grundlegende Gleichungen formuliert: Eine empirische und eine theoretische, die die kinetischen Konstanten der Polykondensation, wie z.B. die Aktivierungsenergie, die vorher aus der Kinetik der Reaktion bestimmt wirden, als Parameter enthalten. weiter wurden die Parameter sowohl für die empirische als auch für die theoretische Gleichung in bezug auf die Zeit, ausgegangen vom Beginn der Aufheizung, in verschiedenen Bereichen des Programs bestimmt.Mit dem mathematischen Modell, das auf der Messung der entstehenden Menge Wassers beruht, die im Gegensatz zur SZ-Bestimmung kontinuierlich verläuft, ist es möglich, eine kontinuierliche Verfolgung der Polykondensation zu verwirklichen.Viskositätsmessungen während des Verlaufs der Polyveresterung, die künftig zusäzlich durchgeführt werden, können das mathematische Modell für eine effektivere Reaktionsüberwachung und Qualitätskontrolle der Polykondensate ergänzen.
    Notes: The progress of the polycondensation reaction in a simple system of a diol and a dibasic acid without another acid as catalayst was studied by determining the Acid Number (AN) on one hand and the amount of the produced water on the other.The system was submitted to different, suitable isothermal and non isothermal heating programs, that lead to the formation of a polyester with Acid Number AN = 40. In general this value constitutes the basis of a technological application of polyester.Then the kinetics of the polyesterification was studied, a mathematical calculation was deduced from the experimental results of AN as well as of the produced water. Two fundamental equations were expressed for both kinds of measurements: an empirical equation and a theoretical one, which contain the kinetic constants of polycondensation as parameters, e.g. activation energy, etc., and which were determined from the above-mentioned kinetical study of the reaction. Further, the determination of the parameters for the theoretical as well as for the empirical equation was done at different ranges taking into consideration the time from the beginning of heating.From the mathematical model which is based on the measurements of produced water, it is possible to follow continuously the process of polyesterification, contrary to the discontinuous determination of the AN.In addition measurements of the viscosity during the progress of polyesterification may be done in the future, with the aim to contribute to the mathematical model for an effective reaction observation and control of the quality of polycondensates.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 106 (1982), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bestimmte vernetzte Aminoplaste, sonst industriell als Füllstoffe und Pigmente genutzt, wurden in thermomechanischen Verfahren (Spritzgießen und Extrusion) mit gewöhnlichen Thermoplasten als Treibmittel untersucht. Der Gebrauch makromolekularer Treibmittel im Temperaturbereich von 175 - 210°C in Konzentrationen von 0,5 - 2,0 Gew.-% führte zu Polymeren mit weißer Farbe, einheitlicher Porosität und geringer Dichte (0,75 - 50,90 g/cm3 für Polystyrolschaum). Die Prüfung der Wirksamkeit bei der Extrusion zeigte, daß der Aminoplast nur wenig empfindlich auf Verarbeitungsparameter (Temperatur, Druck) reagiert. Das wurde mit thermogravimetrischen Daten erklärt, die zeigten, daß die Wirksamkeit auf die Verflüchtigung einer kleinen Harzmenge (ca. 10%) zurückzuführen war.Um die Hauptnachteile des makromolekularen Treibmittels zu vermeiden (Wirksamkeit und schwierige Regulierung), wurde die Wirksamkeit organischer Säuren (Maleinsäureanhydrid, Apfelsäure, Adipinsäure usw.) als Additive untersucht. Von diesen Substanzen fährte Maleinsäureanhydrid, das nicht als Treibmittel wirkt, zu einer Verbesserung der Wirksamkeit von 100 - 150% und erleichtert die Regulierung. Um die Anwendung des Systems Aminoplast-Maleinsäureanhydrid als Treibmittel zu optimieren, wurde die Abhangigkeit der Wirksamkeit von den Verarbeitungsparametern und der Zusammensetzung des Treibmittels untersucht. Die DTA zeigte zunehmenden Gewichtsverlust des Systems bis zu 200°C, was zum einen der Sublimation des Anhydrids und zum anderen seiner Zersetzung zugeschrieben wurde. Die Zersetzung wurde von einem nichtexplosiven Decarboxylierungs-Polymerisations-Prozeß begleitet, verbunden mit dem Aminoplast. Demzufolge wirkte das Aminoplast in dem Aminoplast-Maleinsäureanhydrid-System als Starter.Die endotherme Polymerisation unter Decarboxylierung von Maleinsäureanhydrid (E = 21,7 - 2,9 kJ/mol für die Decarboxylierung) führte neben CO2 als Treibgas zu einem dunklen Polymeren, das durch IR, Löslichkeit und Erweichungstemperatur als Polymaleinsäureanhydrid identifiziert wurde. Andere organische Säuren (Apfel-, Maleinamid-, Zitronensäure usw.), die sich in Maleinsäurederivative umlagern, führten ebenfalls bei der thermochemischen Verarbeitung mit Aminoplasten zu polyanhydridähnlichen Polymeren. Es entstanden keine Copolymeren.Die Aktivitätsunterschiede zwischen der gealterten und der frischen Reaktionsmischung, die erniedrigte Zersetzungstemperatur (155 - 165 °C) des Aminoplast-Anhydrid-Systems, der Verlauf des Gewichtsverlusts aus DTA-Messungen, der des gemessenen Gasvolumens und der Wirksamkeit als Treibmittel, die ein Maximum bei einer Konzentration von 40 - 60% Anhydrid zeigen, legt nahe, daß Maleinsäureanhydrid sich nicht als solches zersetzt, sondern als hydrierte oder aminierte Verbindung. Kristalline Zwischenstufen, identifiziert durch DTA, IR und Löslichkeit als Maleinsäure und Maleinamidsäure wurden aus der Reaktionsmischung isoliert, aber sie waren nur teilweise für die Wirksamkeit als Treibmittel verantwortlich.
    Notes: Certain crosslinked aminoplasts used as fillers and pigments in other industrial areas were investigated in the thermomechanical processing (injection and extrusion moulding) of the common thermoplasts as blowing agents. The use of the macromolecular blowing agent in the temperature range of 175 - 210°C with concentrations of 0.5 - 2.0 wt. % led to polymers having a white colour, uniform porosity and reduced density (0.75 - 0.9 g/cm3 for polystyrene foam). Examination by extrusion moulding of the blowing effect showed that the aminoplast had only a slight sensitivity toward the working parameters (temperature, pressure). This was explained by the thermogravimetric data, which demonstrated that the blowing effect was due to the volatilization of a small (about 10%) fraction of the resin, on the basis of its residual reactivity.In order to avoid the main disadvantages of the macromolecular blowing agent (e.g. the low blowing yield and its hard regulation), organic acid additives (e.g. maleic anhydride, malic, adipic acid, etc.) were investigated as kicker. From these compounds the use of maleic anhydride which did not exhibit blowing properties led to an improvement of 100 - 150% of the blowing degree and facilitated its regulation. In order to establish an optimal use of the aminoplast-maleic anhydride blowing system, the dependence of the blowing effect on the processing parameters and on the composition of the blowing agent were investigated. DTA showed an increased weight loss in the blowing system up to 200°C, attributed in part to sublimation of the anhydride and to its decomposition on the other part. This decomposition was accompanied by a non explosive decarboxylation-polymerization process connected to the aminoplast. Consequently, in the aminoplast-maleic anhydride system the aminoplast acted as starter.The endotherm decarboxylation-polymerization of maleic anhydride (E = 21.7 ± 2.9 · 103 J/mol for decarboxylation) besides the carbon dioxide blowing gas led to a dark coloured polymer, identified by IR, solubility and softening temperature as poly(maleic anhydride). Other organic acids (malic, maleamic, citric acid, etc.) undergoing transformations into maleic acid derivatives led also to polyanhydride-like polymers by thermochemical processing together with aminoplasts. No copolymers were formed.The differences in activity of the aged and fresh reaction mixture, the reduced decomposition temperature (155 - 165 °C) of the aminoplast-anhydride system, the progress the weight loss registered by DTA, that of the measured gas volume and of the blowing degree showing a maximum at a concentration of 40 - 60% anhydride, suggested that maleic anhydride did not decompose as such, but as hydrated or aminated compound. Crystalline intermediates identified by DTA, IR spectroscopy and solubility as maleic and maleamic acid were isolated from the reaction mixture, but they were responsible for the blowing effect only in part.
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