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  • GEOPHYSICS  (22)
  • 1980-1984  (17)
  • 1970-1974  (5)
  • 1
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    A comparison of several computational techniques for solving some common aeronomic problems (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Several numerical integration techniques for solving common aeronomic problems involving species rate equations are compared for speed and accuracy. A newer technique that defines families of species that are nearly conserved is found to be superior to an iterative technique when both methods are applied to simple test problems. The 'conservation' technique is also found to be more economical than the more complex Gear (1969) integration scheme for comparable accuracy.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 1
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    A model of carbon compounds in the stratosphere and mesosphere. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A photochemical model with vertical transport is employed to compute profiles of CO, CH4, CH3, CH2, CHO, CH2O, CH3O, CH3O2, and CH4O2 from 10- to 90-km altitude. The upper boundary condition is taken as diffusive equilibrium at 120 km, and the lower boundary condition as chemical equilibrium or a flux condition at 10 km. The results are in reasonable agreement with observations and with the results of other model studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 20
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  • 3
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    Space Shuttle ice nuclei (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Estimates are made showing that, as a consequence of rocket activity in the earth's upper atmosphere in the Shuttle era, average ice nuclei concentrations in the upper atmosphere could increase by a factor of two, and that an aluminum dust layer weighing up to 1000 tons might eventually form in the lower atmosphere. The concentrations of Space Shuttle ice nuclei (SSIN) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere were estimated by taking into account the composition of the particles, the extent of surface poisoning, and the size of the particles. Calculated stratospheric size distributions at 20 km with Space Shuttle particulate injection, calculated SSIN concentrations at 10 and 20 km altitude corresponding to different water vapor/ice supersaturations, and predicted SSIN concentrations in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 298; Aug. 26
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Implications of stratospheric aerosol measurements for models of aerosol formation and evolution (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Calculations of the distribution of stratospheric sulfur gases and of stratospheric aerosols are compared with measurements obtained in Alaska during July 1979. Generally, the measurements are reasonably consistent with the model results. COS is the major sulfur-bearing gas in the stratosphere while CS2 plays a lesser role in the formation of sulfate aerosols. Ammonia, which earlier measurements suggested was a major aerosol constituent, is found to be a contaminant, so models without ammonia chemistry may be justified. The model and the measurements suggest that stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosols nucleate just above the tropopause, but they are older and have grown to larger sizes at higher altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 5
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    Implications of smaller concentrations of stratospheric OH - A two-dimensional model study of ozone perturbations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: There is growing observational evidence that stratospheric OH concentrations are smaller than models have been predicting. Using very recent HOx reaction rate coefficient measurements in a two-dimensional photochemical model, results which support these observations are obtained. As a consequence of smaller OH concentrations, we show that perturbations of stratospheric ozone by NOx (SST emissions and nitrogen fertilizers) may be larger than expected, while perturbations due to added water vapor and chlorine (SSTs and chlorofluoromethanes, respectively) may be smaller.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Environment; 15; 9, 19; 1981
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  • 6
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    Diurnal variations of HOx and NOx in the stratosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The diurnal variations of odd hydrogen (OH, HO2, H2O2) and odd nitrogen compounds (NO, NO2, HNO3) are investigated by using a one-dimensional time-dependent model containing both chemistry and eddy transport. These variations are discussed in terms of relevant processes.-
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 20
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  • 7
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    A two-dimensional model simulation of the EL Chichon volcanic eruption cloud (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using a two-dimensional model of sulfate photochemistry, transport, and aerosol microphysics, a 2-year period following the eruptions of El Chichon have been simulated. Present calculations suggest that the residence time of the cloud in the stratosphere exceeds 2 years. The model reproduces the observed optical depth, lidar backscatter, and infrared extinction coefficients, if about 10 megatonnes of SO2 are injected. The major deficiency of the model is a somewhat too rapid transport.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1053-105
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  • 8
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    The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens - Physical and chemical processes in the stratospheric clouds (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The large and diverse set of observational data collected in the high-altitude plumes of the May 18, May 25, and June 13, 1980 eruptions is organized and analyzed with a view to discerning the processes at work. The data serve to guide and constrain detailed model simulations of the volcanic clouds. For this purpose, use is made of a comprehensive one-dimensional model of stratospheric sulfate aerosols, sulfur precursor gases, and volcanic ash and dust. The model takes into account gas-phase and condensed-phase (heterogeneous) chemistry in the clouds, aerosol nucleation and growth, and cloud expansion. Computational results are presented for the time histories of the gaseous species concentrations, aerosol size distributions, and ash burdens of the eruption clouds. Also investigated are the long-term buildup of stratospheric aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere and the persistent effects of injected chlorine and water vapor on stratospheric ozone. It is concluded that SO2, water vapor, and ash were probably the most important substances injected into the stratosphere by the Mount St. Helens volcano, both with respect to their widespread effects on composition and their effect on climate.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; June 20
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  • 9
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    Long wavelength carbonyl sulfide photodissociation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The aeronomic implications of a preliminary observation of weak OCS photoabsorption above 270 nm are investigated. It is argued that the measured cross section is consistent with a forbidden transition in this wavelength region. Model calculations are made for the OCS photodissociation rates in daylight, the OCS and SO2 distributions in the upper atmosphere, and the budgets of sulfur in the stratosphere and OCS in the troposphere, assuming various extrapolations of the measured OCS absorption cross sections and quantum yields to longer wavelengths. It is shown that weak OCS absorption above 300 nm can have important consequences for all of these quantities. Laboratory and field experiments are identified which might lead to a better understanding of the atmospheric OCS cycle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; June 20
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  • 10
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    Stratospheric hydroxyl radical concentrations - New limitations suggested by observations of gaseous and particulate sulfur (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A one-dimensional aerosol model is employed in investigating the sensitivity of the stratospheric distributions of gaseous sulfur compounds and sulfate aerosol particles to changes in OH and CS2 concentrations, in eddy diffusion coefficients, and in important chemical rate constants. By comparing model predictions with recent observational data for SO2, OCS, and particulates, it is found that, with regard to atmospheric sulfur, CS2 is only a secondary source of sulfur for the stratosphere relative to OCS and that background tropospheric CS2 concentrations by volume are likely to be less than 70 parts per trillion. It is also established that under stratospheric conditions the rate coefficients for the reactions of OH with OCS and CS2 may be substantially smaller than the room temperature laboratory values of Kurylo (1978).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Feb. 20
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