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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 404-412 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Dehnungskalorimetrie ; Poly-[α-aminosäuren] ; Poly-[L-alanin] ; Poly-[γ-methyl-D-glutamat] ; Poly-[L-leucin] ; Konformation ; Folien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Stretching calorimetric experiments on films of copolymers ofL-alanine and L-cysteine (mole ratio 97∶3, 95∶5 and 90∶10) show that in contrast to (Ala)n no exothermic process occurs also at (l- l o )/l o =0.1. Furthermore, the initially occurring „energyelastic“ process is a practical completely reversibel one. This behaviour deviating from that of the homopolymer is probably due to the formation of interchain disulfide crosslinks (-S-S-) by oxidation of thiol (-SH) groups. The behaviour of the corresponding copolymers, in which the thiol groups are blocked by carbobenzoxy (-OCOCH2C6H5) groups, is similar to that of the homopolymer. The remarkable differences in the results obtained with the corresponding copolymers containing -SH or -S-OCOCH2C6H5 may be due to sterical reasons and/or to differences in the intermolecular interactions of the comonomer side-chains. Films made of poly-[γ-methyl-D-glutamate] (PMDG) have a much higher stretchability than that of (Ala)n and the copolymers mentioned above. Stepwise stretching of PMDG-films at (l- l o)/l o above 0.024 causes-besides the initially occurring endothermic peak — an exothermic process. No corresponding endothermic peak during deloading is observed. This irreversible process obviously is caused by plastic flow of the PMDG. During continuously stretching to about (l- l o )/l o ,≈ 0.5 a pronounced exothermic peak at almost constant force is observed. The stepwise character of this peak suggests discontinuously changes in the order of the material. According to the IR-spectra of the films before and after stretching conformation changes of the PMDG are negligible. This is probably due to the superstructure of the films cast from 1,2-dichloroethane solution. In this case there are rodlikeα-helical aggregates dispersed in a low ordered matrix and therefore the stress essential for a conformation change fromα toβ is not exerted to theα-helices [4] like in the case of networks built fromα-helices. Similar results were obtained on films made of poly-[L-leucine] and a 1∶1 copolymer ofL- leucine andL-methionine. In this case however the force increases during the exothermic process, which may be caused by entanglements.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dehnungskalorimetrische Untersuchungen an Folien von Copolymeren ausL-Alanin undL-Cystein im Molverhältnis 97∶3, 95∶5 und 90∶10 ergaben einmal, daß im Unterschied zu homopolymerem (Ala) n selbst bei Dehnungen bis zu 10% [(l- l o)/l o =0,1] kein exothermer Vorgang auftritt. Weiterhin ist der zu Beginn der Dehnung beobachtete „energieelastische“ Vorgang praktisch vollständig reversibel, wie der beim Entlasten auftretende, dem Betrag nach gleiche exotherme Peak zeigt. Dieses vom Homopolymeren abweichende Verhalten ist anscheinend durch die Bildung interchenarer Disulfidbrücken (-S-S-) durch Oxidation von SH-(Thiol-)Gruppen in den Folien bedingt. Die entsprechenden Copolymeren, in denen die Thiolgruppen durch Carbobenzoxygruppen (-OCOCH2C6H5) geschützt und daher die Bildung von-S-S-Brücken nicht möglich ist, zeigen ein dem Homopolymeren ähnliches Verhalten. Die recht unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse, die an den jeweils entsprechenden Copolymeren (-SH bzw.-S-OCOCH2C6H5) erhalten wurden, können einmal sterisch und andererseits durch die unterschiedlichen zwischenmolekularen Wechselwirkungen der Seitengruppen der Comonomeren bedingt sein. Gegenüber den o. a. Polymerfolien sind die aus Poly-γ-methyl-D-glutamat] (PMDG) wesentlich dehnbarer. Bei stufenweiser Dehnung tritt 〉 2.4% Dehnung außer dem anfangs beobachteten „energieelastischen“ Peak ein exothermer Vorgang auf, dem beim Entlasten kein endothermer Prozeß entspricht. Dabei handelt es sich also um einen offensichtlich durch plastisches Fließen bedingten irreversiblen Vorgang. Bei kontinuierlicher Dehnung bis um ca. 50% wird nach dem anfänglichen endothermen Vorgang ein sehr starker exothermer Prozeß beobachtet, währenddem die Kraft praktisch konstant bleibt. Der stufenartige Verlauf des exothermen Peak deutet auf diskontinuierliche Umordnungsvorgänge im Material hin. Wie die IR-Spektren der Folien vor und nach dem Verstrecken zeigen, tritt eine Konformationsänderung dabei kaum auf. Dies ist anscheinend auf die Überstruktur der aus 1,2-Dichlorethan gegossenen Folien zurückzuführen, da hierbei dieα-helicalen Aggregate isoliert in einer Matrix vorliegen. Dadurch kann der für eine Konformationsumwandlung erforderliche Zug nicht auf dieα-Helices übertragen werden, so wie es bei Folien mit netzwerkartig angeordnetenα-Helices der Fall ist [4]. Ähnliche Resultate wurden an Folien aus Poly-[L-leucin] und einem 1∶1 Copolymeren ausL-Leucin undL-Methionin erhalten. Hierbei steigt allerdings die Kraft während des exothermen Vorgangs an, was darauf zurückgeführt werden kann, daß „entanglements“ gelöst werden müssen.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Anioneneinfluß ; Konformation ; Copoly-(L-Leu-L-Orn) zwischenmolekulare Wechselwirkungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The conformation of the alternating copoly-(L.-leucyl-L-ornithine) was studied in solutions of various salts and in salt-free water as well by CD technique. This copolymer is shown to undergo a conformational transition from a disordered to aβ-structure by adding salts or with increasing the pH to a alkaline region. Such a tendency to form aβ-structure is enhanced by neutral salts like KF, NaF, and NaCl and remarkably enhanced by water structure breaking anions like LiClO4 and NaClO4. Theβ-structure induced by perchlorate ions is stable up to 90 °C. This finding can be interpreted in terms of the shielding effect resulted from a specific binding of perchlorate ions with positively charged side chains. Aβ-I-structure is also induced by water structure making anions like Li2SO4 and Na2SO4, but theβ-structure inducing molecular mechanism is probably different from the case of water structure breaking anions, due to its electrochemical bivalency. This becomes obvious from the fact that above 0.005 mole/l precipition occurs and from model considerations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Konformation von alternierendem (L-Leu-L-Orn) n in den Lösungen verschiedener Salze (NaCl, NaF, KF, LiClO4, NaClO4, Li2SO4, Na2SO4) sowie in salzfreiem Wasser durch CD-Messungen in Abhängigkeit von Konzentration, Temperatur und pH-Wert untersucht. Dabei ergab sich, daß dieses Copolymere, das in salzfreiem Wasser in ungeordneter Konformation vorliegt, bei Salzzugabe oder bei pH ≈ 8 in eineβ-Konformation übergeht. Diese Tendenz zum Übergang in eineβ-Konformation ist besonders ausgeprägt in den Lösungen von Salzen mit stark wasserstrukturbrechendem Anion wie LiClO4 und NaClO4. In diesen Lösungen ist dieβ-Konformation bis 2≥ 90 °C stabil. Dieser Befund wird auf einen elektrostatischen Abschirmeffekt der von den positiv geladenen Seitengruppen spezifisch adsorbierten Perchlorationen zurückgeführt. Zwar werden auch von Salzen mit stark wasserstrukturbildenden Anionen wie Li2SO4 β-Strukturen induziert, jedoch ist wahrscheinlich infolge seiner doppeltnegativen Ladung der molekulare Mechanismus ein etwas anderer als im Fall der Perchlorationen. Hierauf deutet die Tatsache hin, daß in Sulfatlösungen bereits 〉 0.005 Mol/l Ausfällung eintritt.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Model calculations on the explosion of free gas clouds containing mixtures of hydrocarbons and air. The procedure presented permits a description of continuously and discontinuously accelerated explosions. The explosions considered are deflagrations, i. e. combustion-supported compression waves. It is possible to calculate, for a given rate of propagation of a flame front or the motion of a piston assigned in a model, the corresponding flow field (compression wave). The corresponding pressure, density, and velocity distributions can be utilized for safety considerations. Application of the results requires that the simulated acceleration processes can be transformed into real events. With the experimental results presently available this is possible only in very crude fashion and can serve only as a rough preliminary guide.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 55 (1983), S. 931-939 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Motion of fine grained particles, suspended in turbulent flow. This article considers the motion of particles, suspended in turbulent flow. If the particles are sufficiently small to respond to turbulence, their motion includes stochastic components. Concerning processes like air classification or separation of fine powders the stochastic contribution - characterized by the conception of a particle diffusivity - the particle motion exhibits a detrimental influence. Sharpness of cut and separation efficiency are reduced. The paper aims to present the state of the art in particle diffusion. First, theoretical investigations are reported, attention being focused on the equation of motion of the particle which is the link between the motion of the fluid and the motion of the particle. Then, experimental results are reviewed. The following tendencies can be seen: Particles which response to turbulence of fluid flow show increasing diffusivity with increasing inertia. Field forces like gravity or electrical field forces exhibit a damping effect on diffusivity.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 745-757 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The degradation reaction of dextran by the action of ultrasound was investigated within the molecular weight range from 30 000 to 90 000 in different solvents. The degradation products were characterized by their molecular weight distributions obtained by chromatography on porous glass. From the results of the experiments it could be shown that degradation follows a first order reaction, that the rate constant of degradation is proportional to the molecular weight, and that the molecules break preferentially into two parts of approximately equal size. The nature of the solvent has a considerable effect on the rate constants, which could be shown to be proportional to the enthalpy of vaporization of the solvent. The effect of polymer conformation on the degradation constants was studied and it was found that the degradation constants increase with expansion of the polymer coils.The experimental results confirm the general assumption, that the cavities, which are caused by ultrasound, are responsible for the degradation reaction. It is not possible, however, to conclude from the experimental results known so far, whether the inhomogenous flow fields or the shock waves, which arise from the collapse of cavitation bubbles, are responsible for the rupture of the molecule. The experimental result, that expanded polymer coils are more easily degraded. favours the mechanism which implies shock waves. Furthermore, a model in which both effects are acting together, in the way that the inhomogeneous flow fields at first stretch the polymer coil, whereas the shock wave, which immediately follows, breaks the molecule, is suggested to explain the rupture of the molecules.
    Notes: Die Abbaureaktion von Dextran durch Ultraschall wurde im Molekulargewichtsbereich von 30 000 bis 90 000 in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln untersucht. Die Abbauprodukte wurden durch ihre Molekulargewichtsverteilungen, die mit Hilfe von Chromatographie an porösem Glas bestimmt wurden, charakterisiert. Aus den Ergebnissen der Untersuchungen konnte abgeleitet werden, daß die Abbaureaktion nach erster Ordnung verläuft, die Abbaukonstante proportional dem Molekulargewicht ist, und die Moleküle bevorzugt in zwei nahezu gleichgroße Bruchstücke zerfallen. Die Art des Lösungsmittels hat dabei einen erheblichen Einfluß auf die Abbaukonstanten; es wurde gefunden, daß diese der molaren Verdampfungsenthalpie des Lösungsmittels direkt proportional sind. Der Einfluß der Konformation des Polymeren auf die Abbaukonstanten wurde studiert, wobei sich ergab, daß mit einer Aufweitung der Polymerknäuel die Abbaukonstanten größer wurden.Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die allgemeine Auffassung, daß die Kavitäten, die bei der Ultrabeschallung entstehen, für die Abbaureaktion verantwortlich sind. Eine eindeutige Entscheidung, ob die inhomogenen Strömungsfelder oder die Stoßwellen, die bei der Implosion der Kavitäten entstehen, für den Molekülbruch letztlich maßgebend sind, kann mit den bisher vorliegenden Ergebnissen nicht getroffen werden. Der Befund, daß aufgeweitete Knäuel leichter abgebaut werden, spricht für den Stoßwellenmechanismus. Andererseits wird ein Modell für die Abbaureaktion angegeben, in dem beide Effekte insoweit zusammenwirken, daß die inhomogenen Strömungsfelder das Polymerknäuel zunächst strecken und die nachfolgende Stoßwelle den Molekülbruch bewirkt.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is demonstrated that dextrans can be fractionated efficiently by permeation chromatography on porous glass, so that precise molecular weight distributions are obtainable. The calibration curve was determined using 15 narrow dextran fractions (M̄w/M̄n = 1,02-1,15), taking the molecular weight distributions into account. The peak broadening function was determined experimentally using “monodisperse” dextran fractions within the whole molecular weight range. The calibration fractions and the monodisperse fractions were ontained by preparative gel permeation chromatography. Several methods for peak broadening correction were used and tested on experimental chromatograms. Using the described experimental setup, peak broadening may be described by Gaussian functions, which enabled the use of simplified peak broadening correction techniques. The choice of the best correction technique depends on the shape of the chromatogram and the peak broadening function: It is experimentally shown, that even for complicated chromatograms with several maxima, peak broadening correction techniques are available, which yield good results.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß durch Permeationschromatographie an porösem Glas Dextrane so gut aufgetrennt werden, daß Molekulargewichtsverteilungen mit hoher Genauigkeit bestimmt werden können. Die Eichkurve wurde mit Hilfe von 15 engverteilten Dextranfraktionen (M̄w/M̄n = 1,02-1,15) bestimmt, wobei deren Molekulargewichtsverteilung berücksichtigt wurde. Die Bandenverbreiterungsfunktion wurde mit „monodispersen“ Fraktionen über den gesamten Molekulargewichtsbereich experimentell bestimmt. Die Eichfraktionen und die monodispersen Fraktionen wurden durch präparative Gelchromatographie hergestellt. Verschiedene Korrekturverfahren der Bandenverbreiterung wurden angewendet und anhand experimenteller Beispiele geprüft. Da die Bandenverbreiterung bei der verwendeten Versuchsanordnung die Form von Gaußkurven hat, konnten vereinfachte Korrekturverfahren angewendet werden. Die Wahl des optimalen Korrekturverfahrens hängt von der Form der Elutionskurve und der Bandenverbreiterungsfunktion ab. Es wird experimentell gezeigt, daß es selbst für komplizierte Elutionskurven mit mehreren Maxima Verfahren gibt, die sehr gute Ergebnisse liefern.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1978), S. 2565-2568 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 411-427 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical degradation of polyacrylamide and dextran and the acid hydrolysis of dextran at different pH values is investigated in concentrated solutions in high shear laminar flow fields. The kinetics of degradation of polyacrylamide show that the reaction is first order, the rate constants of degradation are proportional to the molecular weight, and the polymer molecules are broken preferentially near the center of the chain. It is found that shear stress is the controlling factor of the degradation process, the rate constants increasing in poor solvents and with decreasing temperatures. The limiting molecular weight is a direct function of the shear stress. For dextran a transition range exists in which shear degradation is favored by hydrogen ions at pH values at which no hydrolysis occurs in the absence of a shearing field.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 825-828 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 1071-1080 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Enthalpies of solution, dilution and mixing of several dextran fractions with different molecular weights (MW) and low MW carbohydrates were determined in water and dimethyl sulfoxide at 25°C. The enthalpies of solution of dextran increase in the oligomer range up to a MW of about 1000; for higher MWs the enthalpies of solution are almost constant. The enthalpies of dilution decrease strongly with increasing MW and remain constant for MWs higher than 2 000. The interaction parameter was found to depend on the concentration of the solute in both solvents. From the experimental results it can be concluded that dimethyl sulfoxide is a better solvent for glucose and dextran than water. In dilute solutions glucose interacts considerably more strongly with the solvent than dextran. The conformational properties of dextran are similar in both solvents; for MWs above 2 000 the degree of solvation is found to be independent from the MW.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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