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  • Nitrogen fixation  (26)
  • Springer  (26)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1980-1984  (22)
  • 1975-1979  (4)
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  • Springer  (26)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 53 (1979), S. 319-328 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dolichos ; Growth ; Greenhouse ; Lablab ; Leaf area ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Sand culture ; Sugars ; Sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In order to explore interrelations between S nutrition, soluble sugars, leaf area, nodulation and N2 fixation, greenhouse experiments were done with several levels of S added to perlite-sand cultures or to a moderately S-deficient soil. Sulfur had indirect effects on nodulation and N2 fixation, possibly by improving sugars supply and N metabolism. In perlite-sand culture, leaf area increased with concentrations of supplied S up to 50 and 200 μM for symbiotic and N-treated plants respectively, then decreased at higher concentrations. Plant yield and total sugars content (mg per plant) for the N-treated plants behaved similar to leaf area in response to added S but in the symbiotic plants maximum values were obtained at 100 μM S. In soil, Mo had no effect on growth but interacted significantly with S in affecting total sugars content. High levels of S depressed sugars content at low Mo but raised it at high Mo. Sulfur increased the N content of soil-grown plants. It increased the N content of plants grown in perlite-sand culture except at very high levels of S. There was little effect on concentration of N in the shoots. Nitrogen content correlated significantly with leaf area and sugar content, and highly significantly with S concentration in the shoots.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hydrogen inhibition ; Nitrogen fixation ; Peas ; Relative efficiency ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experiments were performed to investigate the causes of low relative efficiency, RE, in legume root nodules. Nitrogen fixing activity and RE varied with time of incubation of nodules and with different temperatures and oxygen concentrations. The effects of nitrogen concentration and carbon dioxide concentration were also examined. In each case the RE was inversely related to nitrogen fixing activity; measured by acetylene reduction. Increasing the nitrogen concentration had no effect on either nitrogen fixing activity or RE. Experiments with isolated bacteroids gave higher RE values than the whole nodules from which they were isolated. All the results were consistent with hydrogen inhibition of nitrogenase within the nodule being the cause of low RE.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Alnus nitrida ; Frankia ; Host-specificity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different strains, An 1 and An 2, were obtained from root nodules ofAlnus nitida Endl., collected from one locality in the area of its natural habitat near Bahrin, District Swat, Pakistan. The light and electron microscopy of the isolates revealed the occurrence of septate and branched hyphae bearing sporangia and vesicles. The strains differed in their growth requirements, nitrogen-fixing ability and production of extracellular pigments, thus indicating the existence of more than oneFrankia strain in the same locality. In the absence of combined nitrogen in the medium strain An 1 formed vesicles and fixed N2 (up to 200 nmol C2H4. mg protein−1.h−1), while strain An 2 under the experimental conditions formed only few vesicles and fixed N2 at a very low rate (ca 10 nmol C2H4. mg protein−1 .h−1). The nitrogenase activity of strain An 1 was strongly affected by the O2 concentration.Frankia An 1 and An 2 were infective and effective onA. nitida andA. glutinosa but not onDatisca cannabina andElaeagnus umbellata. Both An 1 and An 2 strains were more infective and effective onA. glutinosa thanFrankia strains AvcIl and CpI1.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; Alnus nitida ; Amino acid composition ; Datisca cannabina ; Hydrogen uptake ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nodulation and the morphology and physiology of the nodules were studied onDatisca cannabina, a perennial herb from northern Pakistan andAlnus nitida, a nodulated tree in the same locality. Both species bear coralloid clusters of actinorhizal nodules. The main free amino acid inD. cannabina nodules was arginine while the predominant free amino acid inA. nitida nodules was citrulline. The infectivity of crushed nodules of both types of plants on their respective host was about 106 infective particles per gram of nodule fresh wt. In cross-inoculation experiments crushed nodule inoculum fromA. nitida failed to induce nodulation onD. cannabina seedlings but the crushed nodule inoculum fromD. cannabina caused low nodulation on seedlings ofA. nitida (103 infective particles. g. nodule fresh wt.). The activity of nitrogenase, hydrogenase and respiration (O2 uptake) were measured in detached nodules, nodule homogenates and the 20 μm residue and 20 μm filtrate preparations from the nodules of both species. Both species showed similar patterns of activities except that only the nodule homogenate and 20 μm residue preparations fromD. cannabina showed pronounced enhancement of the O2 uptake by succinate which was further stimulated by ADP. This has in part been explained by the presence of mitochondria in close connection with the endophyte.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Datisca cannabina ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The fine structures of the microsymbiont inside the root nodules ofDatisca cannabina have been studied by light, by transmission- and by scanning-electron microscopy. The endophyte is prokaryotic and actinomycetal in nature. The hyphae are septate and branched, diameter 0.3–0.5 μm. The tips of hyphae are swollen to form electron-dense, clubshaped to filamentous vesicles, ranging in diameter: 0.4–1.4 μm. The endophyte penetrates through walls of the cortial cells. The infected zone is kidney shaped and confined to one side of the acentric stele. The orientation of infection is reversed from other actinorhizae exceptCoriaria. The hyphae are near the host cell wall and vesicles are directed towards the central vacuole. Vesicles are aseptate and no collapsing of the vesicle cell wall (void area) has been observed. Vesicle clusters structures are globular with an opening at one side of the cluster. The host cell is multinucleate or contains a lobed nucleus. Groups of mitochondria are located in between the hyphae, suggesting a strong association between the host and the endophyte for energy supply and amino acid production. The consequences of the inability to separate the mitochondria from the vesicle clusters in nodule homogenates in physiological studies have been discussed. Isolated vesicles clusters showed dehydrogenase activity, indicated by the presence of formazan crystals, after incubation with NADH and NBT. Strongest reducing activity was found within the vesicles. The possible role of filamentous vesicles in nitrogen fixation has been discussed.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Actinomycete-nodulated ; Legume ; Lime ; Mine spoil ; Nitrogen fixation ; Reclamation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An acid mine spoil in Southern Indiana was amended with lime (CaCO3) (0.0, 12.5, 25 and 39t/ha) and planted withElaegnus umbellata Thunb.,Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,Robinia fertilis Ashe, ‘Arnot’,Myrica pensylvania Lois,Caragana arborescens L. andShepherdia argentea Nutt. Survival and soil data were collected periodically and plants were harvested 15 months after planting. Nodule and top dry weights were determined and acetylene reduction assays performed on the nodules. Addition of lime caused significant increases in pH, and 39 t/ha of lime were required to maintain a pH above 5.5. Survival of plant material was greatest at the highest lime addition, although response of individual species varied.Elaeagnus umbellata, R. pseudoacacia, R. fertilis ‘Arnot’, andA. glutinosa appeared more tolerant of the harsh conditions. OnlyC. arborescens showed a linear increase in top dry weight due to lime addition.Alnus glutinosa andS. argentea achieved statistically the same growth regardless of pH, andR. fertilis ‘Arnot’ andE. umbellata did not increase in top dry weight above an addition of 25 t/ha.Robinia pseudoacacia achieved maximum top dry weight at 25 t/ha, whereasM. pensylvanica growth declined with increasing pH. Nodule dry weights increased with increasing pH; however,S. argentea showed greater nodule dry weights at lower lime levels. Acetylene reduction rates increased with lime addition.Elaegnus umbellata did not respond above 25 t/ha lime, whereasA. glutinosa did not show an increase until this point.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium toxicity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Stylosanthes hamata ; Stylosanthes humilis ; Stylosanthes scabra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of three solution aluminium concentrations (0, 25, and 100μM) on nitrogen fixation by well-nodulated plants ofStylosanthes hamata, Stylosanthes humilis andStylosanthes scabra are reported. Plants were inoculated with Rhizobium CB756 and grown for 21 days in an aluminium-free nutrient solution at pH 5.3 before imposition of the aluminium treatments. Nitrogen fixation was measured both by the increase in total nitrogen content of the plants and acetylene reduction in roots of plants harvested at 10 and 20 days after imposition of the aluminium treatments. Solution aluminium concentrations as high as 100μM, had no detrimental effect on nitrogen fixation in any species.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Asian-type soybean ; Fast-growingRhizobium japonicum ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Rhizobium physiology ; Root nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Physiological and symbiotic characteristics were identified in fast-growing (FG)Rhizobium japonicum. Carbon nutritional patterns linked these rhizobia to other FG rhizobia. They were able to use hexoses, pentoses, disaccharides, trioses, and organic acids for growth, but they were unable to use dulcitol or citrate. These rhizobia produced acid with all carbon sources except intermediates of the Krebs cycle. FGR. japonicum showed no vitamin requirements and were tolerant to 1% NaCl but not to 2%. They nodulated cowpea, pigeon pea, and mung bean but not peanut. Effective, nitrogen-fixing symbioses were observed only with cowpea and pigeon pea. In addition, FGR. japonicum formed effective symbioses with Asian-type soybeans. We concluded that although the physiological characteristics of FGR. japonicum were similar to other FG rhizobia, their symbiotic properties were similar to slow-growing rhizobia of the cowpea miscellany.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Assimilates distribution ; 14CO2 and15N2 labelling ; Glycine max L. Merrill ; Nitrogen fixation ; Respiration costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Distribution and use of photoassimilated carbon by nodulated soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown in natural conditions have been studied during two consecutive years by successive and simultaneous exposures of the plants to14CO2 and15N2 during one day. This method, together with detailed analysis of CO2 efflux by root systems made it possible to follow the fate of carbon in relation to dinitrogen fixation. The results showed that the stage of development at which the plants were labelled exerted a high influence on the initial distribution of carbon. The growing organs always attracted more of the recently assimilated carbon. So, the reproductive parts accumulated increasing proportions and by day 100 about 70% of the current net production was recovered in pods and seeds. Nodules stored from 3 to 5% of the daily production, from day 50 to day 100, when their fixation activity already dropped by day 85. During the period of optimal fixation the amount of carbon lost as CO2 due to the only process of N2 reduction ranged between 2.5 and 7 mg per mg of N2 fixed. This was equivalent to the amount of carbon directed towards roots and nodules structures during the same time. Secondary transfers by remobilization occurred from leaves and pods to the grains but mainly from the carbon assimilated during the podfilling stage (after day 80). However, these amounts were small indicating that grain development is mainly supported by current assimilates.
    Notes: Resumé La distribution et l'utilisation du carbone photoassimilé par des sojas (Glycine max L. Merr.) nodulés, cultivés en conditions naturelles ont été suivies durant deux années consécutives par expositions répétées et simultanées de plantes à du14CO2 et15N2 pendant une journée. Cette méthode couplée à une analyse détaillée des flux respiratoires au niveau des systèmes racinaires a permis de suivre le devenir du carbone en relation avec l'activité fixatrice d'azote. Les résultats montrent que le stade de développement des plantes au moment du marquage exerce une forte influence sur la distribution initiale du carbone. Ce sont les organes en forte croissance qui attirent le plus d'assimilats récents. Ainsi les organes reproducteurs, accumulent des quantités croissantes à partir de leur formation si bien qu'aux environs du jour 100, ils attirent près de 70% de la production nette. Les nodules eux stockent da 3 à 5% de cette production journalière entre les jours 50 et 100 alors que leur activité fixatrice chute déjà fortement dès le jour 85. Pendant la phase d'activité fixatrice optimale, les quantités de carbone perdues sous forme de CO2, pour le seul processus de réduction du N2, varient entre 2,5 et 7 mg par mg d'azote fixé. Ceci équivaut à la quantité de carbone destinée aux structures “racines et nodules”. Les transferts secondaires d'organes à organes se font à partir des organes végétatifs et puis des gousses vers les graines, mais essentiellement à partir de carbone assimilé durant la phase de remplissage des gousses (après le jour 80). Cependant, les quantités remobilisées sont faibles, ce qui indique que la croissance des graines dépend surtout d'une alimentation directe à partir de la photosynthèse.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum lipoferum ; Grain yield ; N-content ; Nitrogen fixation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Arkas) was associated withAzospirillum lipoferum under greenhouse and field conditions of a temperate region. Controls were treated with autoclaved bacteria. The soils used were: sand, sandy loam, and a peat-clay mixture. In experiments run over a period of three years, there were increases in grain yield, N-yield of the grains, and 1000 grain weight. Depending from environmental conditions, increase changed from year to year, and within one given year. There was, however, no experiment without positive response to the inoculation. Highest grain yield increase (70%) was found on sand supplemented with P and K only, but up to 32% were also obtained on peat-clay soil containing 0.28% total N. Under greenhouse conditions, one third of technical N-fertilizer could be saved by bacterial activities. With high probability the effects observed have been at least partly due to bacterial N2-fixation, because the N-yield of the grains was increased (up to 33%), and the most pronounced response was found on sand without any N-fertilizer added.
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