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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (64)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (13)
  • ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING  (3)
  • 1980-1984  (49)
  • 1975-1979  (31)
  • 1920-1924
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Irregularities in steady flow for non-newtonian fluids between cone and plate (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 953-965 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow irregularities have been visually observed in solutions of polyacrylamide of high molecular weight on shear in a cone-and-plate rheometry (gap angle 2.3°). This anomalous flow was found to depend on molecular weight, concentration, and solvent. The onset of flow irregularities were generally at shear rates 〈 5 sec-1. A dimensional analysis shows that the elastic component of the fluid is responsible for the anomalous flow. The onset of flow irregularities has been predicted from measurements of recoverable strain as a function of shear stress.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230401
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The preparation and tensile properties of polyethylene composites (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 3249-3265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Single polymer composites have been prepared using different morphologies of polyethylene as matrix and as the reinforcement. Depending on annealing conditions, the ultraoriented fibers used as reinforcement can have higher melting points (ca. 139°C) than the matrix made from the same conventionally crystallized high-density polyethylene (ca. 132°C) or from low-density polyethylene (ca. 110°C). The optimum temperature has been assessed for bonding to occur by growth of transcrystalline regions from the melt matrix without considerable modulus reduction of the annealed ultraoriented and reinforcement fiber or film. Pullout tests have been used for determining the interfacial shear strength of these single polymer composites. The interfacial shear strength for the high-density polyethylene films embedded in a low-density polyethylene matrix is 7.5 MPa and for high-density polyethylene self-composites is 17 MPa. These values are greater than the strength for glass-reinforced resins. The strength is mainly due to the unique epitaxial bonding which gives greater adhesion than the compressive and radial stresses arising from the differential shrinkage of matrix and reinforcement. The tensile modulus of composites prepared from uniaxial and continuous high-density polyethylene films embedded in low-density polyethylene obeys the simple law of mixtures and the reinforced low-density polyethylene modulus is increased by a factor of 10. High strength cross-ply high-density-polyethylene - low-density-polyethylene laminates have also been prepared and the mechanical properties have been studied as the film orientation is varied with respect to the tensile axis.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1978.070221119
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of oxygen diffusion on the surface photooxidation of polystyrene (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4471-4476 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper further illustrates the applicability of multiple internal reflectance infrared spectroscopy to the analysis of near-surface photooxidation. The results are compared with transmission infrared spectra to evaluate compositional gradients resulting from photooxidation and the influence of oxygen diffusion. The sample was a solvent-cast film of atactic, narrow distribution polystyrene, Mw of 100,000, that had been drawn to a ratio of 3.0 at 110°C by solid state coextrusion. Irradiation of these thin films, ∼25μm thickness, was performed on exposure to air at 35°C for periods of up to 6 h using a mercury source emitting at 254 nm. On photooxidation, a board peak appears at 3200-3500 cm-1, attributable to hydroperoxide formation. The most dramatic increase in the infrared spectra is found for a carbonyl band at 1730 cm-1. It appears to result from an aromatic acid group since it is shifted to 1660 cm-1 on immersion of the oxidized polystyrene films in aqueous ammonium hydroxide. It is confirmed that the photooxidation of polystyrene occurs preferentially at the surface and that this reaction rate is greatly reduced in the drawn polystyrene film.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271134
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solution NMR study of the post-polymerization crosslinking agent N,N′-(2-propyloximino)-4,4′-methylenebis(phenylcarbamate). I (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2299-2305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Because of its possible use as a blocked “post-polymerization crosslinking agent” for polymers containing labile hydrogen, the structure of the acetone oxime adduct of 4,4′-methylenebis-(phenylisocyanate) has been determined. 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has identified this product to be N,N′-(2-propyloximino)-4,4′-methylenebis(phenylcarbamate). Chemical shift assignments were based on information obtained by proton decoupled, off-resonance decoupled, and gated decoupled 13C-NMR, proton-NMR, and semiemperical substituent chemical shift (SCS) parameters.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290706
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic properties of linear chain macromolecular gels. Growth of stress at the onset of steady shear flow (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 76 (1979), S. 191-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Anwachsen von Zugspannung und Scherung zu Beginn einer konstanten Scherung wurde an Lösungen linearer Makromoleküle untersucht, um Aussagen über nichtlineare Viskoelastizität zu machen. Die Polyacrylamide (PAAm)…wurden in Wasser, Formamid und Ethylenglycol gelöst. Die Polymeren wurden in diesem Labor hergestellt. Sie waren unverzweight und initiatorfrei. Die Polystyrolproben (PS) von der Pressure Chemical Company wurden in Dekalinlösung untersucht. PAAm zeigt mit steigendem Molekulargewicht und steigender Konzetration zunehmend typischen Gelcharaketer in allen drei Lösungsmitteln. für homogene Systeme wurde Gelbruch und ein „undershoot“ beob-achtet. Zum ersten Ma1 konnten „overshoot“ aufgrund von verhakten Ketten und auf-grund von energetisch assoziierten Ketten voneinander unterschieden werden. Dies Ver-halten zeigt einen grol3en Gegensatz gegenuber dem PS/Dekalin-System und zeigt die Starke der Nebenvalenzbindungen in den PAAm-Systemen.
    Notes: The growth of stress (shear stress and normal stress) at the onset of steady shear flow was investigated for linear chain macromolecular fluids to determine nonlinear viscoelasticity. The polyacrylamides (PAAm) were dissolved in H2O, formamide and ethyleneglycol. The polymers were prepared in this laboratory. They were unbranched and free of initiator. The polystyrene (PS) samples from Pressure Chemical Company were studied in decalin solutions. PAAm shows increasingly typical gel character - in all 3 solvents - with increasing molecular weight and polymer concentration. For homogeneous systems gel fracture and undershoot were observed. Further for the first time overshoot due to entangled molecules and overshoot due to energetically associated chains have been distinguished. This behaviour is a strong contrast to the PS/decalin system and demonstrates the strength of the second valence bondings in the PAAm-systems.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1979.050760111
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of equations for the effect of pressure on the viscosity of amorphous polymers (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1199-1208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several equations which are used to predict the pressure coefficient of viscosity for amorphous polymers have been examined on the basis of type of information required and equation reliability. These equations can be useful in accounting for pressure effects observed in tubular flow and in other shear geometries. The correlations of Penwell and Porter and of Miller are evaluated and in the perspective of expressions by Matheson and by Eyring. Data on linear amorphous polystyrene (PS), polyisobutylene, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), natural rubber, and polycarbonate are examined and presented. Predictions from the Penwell-Porter and Miller equations are compared with experimental coefficients at one atmosphere for all data available. For PS and PMMA, it was found that Miller's equation tends to predict values somewhat higher than experiments but is closer to the data on PS and on a high molecular weight PMMA. The Penwell-Porter equation, on the other hand, tends to predict values somewhat lower than experiments and does a slightly better job for lower molecular weight PMMA. Both equations require WLF or Vogel coefficients and Tg-pressure-molecular weight data. Miller's equation also requires compressibilities at Tg and at the temperature of interest, although an alternate method can be used which only requires average “K” values without Tg-pressure or compressibilities at Tg.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200506
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polystyrene degradation in model extrusion experiments (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1301-1312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation has been made of the magnitude and the source of degradation of polystyrene in model extrusion experiments. A preformed solid plug of a narrow-distribution, high molecular weight polystyrene (M̄w = 2 × 106) was used for each experiment. The extrusions were performed with an Instron capillary rheometer at constant temperatures from 160° to 220°C. The molecular weight changes occurring in the capillary reservoir during the pass of the capillary and in the hot extrudate were evaluated. Molecular weights and distributions were obtained by gel permeation chromatography. A significant degradation was observed in the capillary reservoir. The degree of degradation was independent of polymer flow. The polystyrene near the walls reacted more extensively than that closer to the axis, but a constant degradation was observed along the axis. The molecular weight profile across the capillary reservoir was attributed to a selective thermo-oxidative degradation (160° and 190°C). Changes in molecular weight due to mechanical degradation in the capillary were observed only at 160°C. This reaction was referred to as a mechano-oxidative process, as no degradation could be detected in the absence of oxygen. At 160°C, selective migration of macromolecules (fractionation) during extrusion did not occur to any significant extent, nor could any thermo-oxidative degradation of the extrudate be detected. When a small amount of antioxidant (Ionol) was added to the polystyrene, no selective degradation did occur at the walls of the capillary reservoir during extrusion at 160° and 190°C.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200513
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shear degradation of poly(vinyl acetate) in toluene solutions by high-speed stirring (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 173-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) of M̄w 750,000 and M̄w/M̄n 5.10 in toluene solution was sheared in a Virtis-60 homogenizer. The polymer concentration was 3.0 to 12.0 g/100ml, and test temperature was 10 ± 0.5°C. The extent of degradation was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). It was concluded that on shearing (i) the molecular weight decreases rapidly at the beginning of shearing and thereafter decreases ever more slowly toward a limiting value, (ii) the molecular weight distribution is narrowed, (iii) no degradation occurs up to 5000 rpm and thereafter increases with stirring speed, (iv) degradation is more at lower concentrations but concentration is not a sensitive variable, and (v) the chain scission occurs randomly. The Mark-Houwing relationship for PVAc in THF at 25°C was derived as [η] = 2.47 × 10-4 × M̄v0.644.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1980.070250205
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultradrawing and crystallization of isotactic polystyrene and blends with atactic polystyrene (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2373-2379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pure isotactic polystyrene (iPS, Mw = 8.89 × 104, Mw/Mn = 4.89) and its blends with an atactic polystyrene (aPS, Mw = 3.9 × 105, Mw/Mn 〈 1.13) were subjected to draw by solid state coextrusion at 127°C within polyethylene. The content of amorphous iPS in these blends was varied from 100 to 24.4 wt %. The extent of draw-induced crystallization was found to depend on the draw ratio and on iPS concentration. The blend with 24.4% iPS was coextruded in two stages. The highest effective draw ratio (EDR) was 7.6 and 13.7 for one- and two-stage draw, respectively. The highest crystallinity of 33.2% was obtained for pure iPS at the maximum EDR of 7.6. Considerable crystallinity was induced in blends, requiring successively higher draw ratio to reach similar crystallinity with increased aPS content. The tensile modulus increased from 1.5 to 3.2 GPa, independent of iPS concentration. Thermal shrinkage results indicate that the elastic recovery of draw in the blends is near quantitative for an EDR 〈 8. For pure iPS, extrudate elastic recovery was dramatically altered by the draw-induced crystallinity.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260723
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photooxidation of polystyrene: Irradiation at 254 and 365 nm (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3227-3233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies have been made of the near surface photooxidation of atactic polystyrene films prepared in the absence of air. The samples were photooxidized on exposure to air at two frequencies, 254 and 365 nm, using a calibrated mercury irradiation source with filters. Most studies were made at 40°C and as a function of irradition time with the reactions characterized by changes in molecular weight and composition. The former was evaluated by gel permeation chromatography and the latter by transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and by multiple-internal-reflectance infrared spectra using different angles and different crystals to evaluate compositions as a function of film depth. Species identified in photooxidation include the generation of hydroperoxides and the appearance of carbonyl bands with the latter identified by the spectral shift asociated with the exposure of the photooxidized polystyrene surface to ammonia. These results suggest that principal products of near-surface oxidation of polystyrene are carboxylic acids.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281017
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