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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (1,352)
  • 1980-1984  (595)
  • 1975-1979  (664)
  • 1970-1974  (92)
  • 1935-1939  (1)
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  • 1
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    Pioneer Venus radar results - Geology from images and altimetry (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An unimodal distribution of relief for Venus was obtained from the Pioneer Venus altimetry measurements. The 'upland' rolling plains constituting 65% of the surface show dark circular lava-filled impact basins; highlands in the 8% of the area comprise Ishtar Terra and Aphrodite Terra; and the lowlands consist of crudely circular surfaces with low relief within the highlands. The complex ridge-and-trough regions east of Ishtar Terra and in the southern Aphrodite Terra may be due to large-scale crustal motions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 2
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    Radio science investigations of the Saturn system with Voyager 1 - Preliminary results (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analyses of Voyager 1 radio occultation measurements of the Saturn atmosphere near 75 deg south latitude and of the Titan equatorial atmosphere are presented. Molecular nitrogen appears to be the primary atmospheric constituent of Titan, whose clouds are probably methane ice. Solar abundance considerations of the data suggest large quantities of surface methane near its triple-point temperature, so that the three phases of methane could play a role on Titan analogous to that of water on earth. Ionospheric electron concentration and plasma scale height for the Saturn polar cap and monochromatic attenuation of the Saturn rings are also considered, along with radio tracking figures for the masses of two moons, Rhea and Titan.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 212; Apr. 10
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  • 3
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    Radio science with Voyager 2 at Saturn - Atmosphere and ionosphere and the masses of Mimas, Tethys, and Iapetus (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results of Voyager 2 radio occultation studies of the atmosphere and ionosphere of Saturn and radio tracking determinations of the masses of Mimas, Tethys, and Iapetus are presented. Measurement of received signal frequency for signals of 3.6 and 13 cm wavelength during Voyager occultation immersion at 36.5 deg N and emmersion at 31 deg S reveal atmospheric temperatures of 143 K at the 1.2 bar level, falling to 82 K at the tropopause at about 70 mbar and rising to about 140 K at the tropopause at about 70 mbar and rising to about 140 K at the 1-mbar pressure level in the stratosphere. Peak electron concentrations of 17,000 and 6400/cu cm are found in the predawn and late afternoon locations, respectively, with topside plasma scale heights of 260-1100 km and 1000 km. Direct measurements of the masses of Tethys and Iapetus yield values of 7.55 and 18.8 x 10 to the 20th kg respectively, and an implied mass of 0.455 x 10 to the 20 kg for Mimas. Results suggest that satellite density tends to decrease with increasing orbital radius, and imply that the intermediate-sized satellites of Saturn may represent objects with differing relative amounts of water, ammonia and methane ices. The apparent low density of Iapetus may then be explained by a large hydrocarbon content.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 215; Jan. 29
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  • 4
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    Radio science investigations with Voyager (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Radio links to and from the Voyager spacecraft will be used for occultation measurements of planetary and satellite atmospheres and ionospheres, the rings of Saturn, the solar corona, and the general-relativistic time delay for radio wave propagation through the solar gravity field. In addition, the radio link measurements may provide information on the gravity fields of the planets, the masses of the satellites, properties of the interplanetary medium, and long-wavelength gravitational radiation propagation in the solar system.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 21; Nov. 197
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  • 5
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    Radio science with Voyager at Jupiter - Initial Voyager 2 results and a Voyager 1 measure of the Io torus (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: About 22 hours after its closest approach to Jupiter, Voyager 2 passed behind the planet as viewed from the earth. Although the spacecraft was geometrically occulted for nearly two hours, the radio links between it and the earth were maintained almost continuously because of the refraction of the signals in Jupiter's south polar atmosphere. A figure shows the plane-of-the-sky geometry of this grazing occultation and preliminary data on the intensity of the spacecraft radio signals as received by the tracking station at Goldstone, California. The intensity data indicate a classic atmospheric occultation profile and the effects of turbulence and ionospheric focusing and defocusing. Analysis of the dispersive ionospheric refraction data yields preliminary profiles for the topside ionosphere at 66.7 deg S (entry in the evening) and 50.1 deg S (exit in the morning) that are reversed with respect to corresponding Voyager 1 profiles in terms of plasma concentration at a fixed altitude. Preliminary reduction of the preencounter occultation of Voyager 1 by the Io torus gives an average plasma density of about 1000 e/cu cm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 206; Nov. 23
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  • 6
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    Radio science with Voyager 1 at Jupiter - Preliminary profiles of the atmosphere and ionosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A preliminary profile of the atmosphere of Jupiter in the South Equatorial Belt shows (1) the tropopause occurring at a pressure level of 100 millibars and temperature of about 113 K, (2) a higher warm inversion layer at about the 35-millibar level, and (3) a lower-altitude constant lapse rate matching the adiabatic value of about 2 K/km, with the temperature reaching 150 K at the 600-millibar level. Preliminary afternoon and predawn ionospheric profiles at 12 deg and near the equator, respectively, have topside plasma scale heights of 590 km changing to 960 km above an altitude of 3500 km for the dayside, and about 960 km at all measured heights above the peak for the nightside. The higher value of scale height corresponds to a plasma temperature of 1100 K under the assumption of a plasma of protons and electrons in ambipolar diffusive equilibrium. The peak electron concentration in the upper ionosphere is approximately 200,000/cu cm for the dayside and about a factor of 10 less for the nightside. These peaks occur at altitudes of 1600 and 2300 km, respectively. Continuing analyses are expected to extend and refine these results, and to be used to investigate other regions and phenomena.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 204; June 1
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  • 7
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    Pioneer Venus radar results - Altimetry and surface properties (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A topographic map of 93% of the Venus globe was depicted by the radar altimeter of the Pioneer Venus orbiter with a resolution better than 150 km. Extremes in relief expressed as a center-of-mass-to-surface radius extend from 6049 to 6062 km; the elevated terrain is dominated by a massive equatorial area equal in size to South America. The distribution of average meter-scale surface slopes is determined for the same regions in the 1 to 10 deg range; elevated areas have higher slopes, so that most features observed in the earth-based images are also evident in the vertical-incidence spacecraft measurements.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 8
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    Mapping and geological analysis of Mercury radar data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Although many radar profiles and images of the area within 20 deg of Mercury's equator had been obtained from 1971 to 1981, at both Goldstone and Arecibo radar facilities, surprisingly little geological analysis had been done with these data until recently. Topographic profiles and radar roughness reflectivity images which can be derived from these data will be crucial in completing the geological mapping of Mercury now underway at the U.S. Geological Survey. Processing of available radar data must be completed to establish any systematic relationship between radar reflectivities and roughness, density, dielectric constant, and other related geological parameters. Specific tasks accomplished for these purposes include the following. Documentation was located and searched to establish the type and quantity of Goldstone 12.5 cm radar observations which were available for Mercury. Data has been collected during approximately 50 observation periods from 1971 to 1981. About half of the data, collected during 1972 and 1973, have been processed, but without adequate documentation. A standardized, well-documented procedure for processing and analysis for all Goldstone Earth-based observations of Mercury was established.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 284-286
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  • 9
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    The atmosphere of Jupiter - An analysis of the Voyager radio occultation measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Coherently related S and X band signals of 2.3 and 8.4 GHz, respectively, which were transmitted from Voyagers 1 and 2 were used to probe the Jovian atmosphere. Height profiles of the gas refractivity, molecular number density, pressure, temperature, and microwave absorption in the troposphere and stratosphere were observed at latitudes ranging from 0 to 70 deg S. At 1000 mbar, the temperature was + or - 5 K and the lapse rate was equal to the adiabatic value of 2.1 K/km within the resolution of the measurements. The ammonia abundance in this region was 0.022 + or - 0.008%, which is in good agreement with values derived from cosmic abundance considerations. The tropopause at the 140 mbar level had a temperature of 110 K, which increased with increasing altitude, reaching 160 + or - 20 K in the 10 to 1 mbar region. Significant horizontal density variations were detected in the stratosphere, which implies a nonuniform temperature and aerosol distribution across the Jovian disk or across high- and low-pressure regions due to local atmospheric dynamics.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Sept. 30
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  • 10
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    The surface and interior of Venus (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The present knowledge of Venus is reviewed with discussions of the nature and history of both the surface, crust and interior. Instrumentation on board the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, including the radar mapper, radio tracking and the fluxgate magnetometer, is described. Topographic, geological, Bouguer gravity, magnetic, and crustal thickness maps will be constructed from Orbiter data. These maps should provide information on composition and thermal history, the major geological or geophysical provinces, the rate of past and present tectonic activity, and evidence of past or present MHD dynamos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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