ALBERT

Notes: This paper reports detailed molecular beam measurements of the sticking coefficient at zero coverage for O2 on a Pt(111) surface as a function of initial energy (Ei), angle of incidence (θi), and surface temperature (Ts). Under most conditions the sticking coefficient measures the probability for dissociative chemisorption. These results demonstrate that both precursor mediated and quasi-direct dissociation can be observed, depending upon the initial conditions. The quasi-direct process is revealed by a step increase in the sticking with Ei. This feature scales intermediately between Ei and the normal component En, and is weakly dependent on Ts. The precursor mediated sticking is well described by standard precursor kinetic models. At low Ei and Ts, sticking measures trapping into a molecularly adsorbed state. This trapping decreases more rapidly with Ei than anticipated from simple models and scales intermediately between Ei and En. The sticking results are discussed in terms of likely dynamic processes occurring on a potential energy surface which contains an intermediate molecularly adsorbed species formed by charge transfer from the metal to the O2.

Notes: A novel form of laser polarization spectroscopy is described which allows vibrational spectra of submonolayers of some adsorbates on metal surfaces to be observed. As a demonstration of its potential, spectra for CO adsorbed on a Pt(111) single crystal were obtained using a continuously tunable pulsed IR laser. The temperature dependence of the lineshape for the CO stretch in an on-top adsorption site was measured and interpreted in terms of exchange-coupling dephasing. Since sensitivity achieved with this spectroscopy is not yet as high as that obtainable with conventional IRRAS, the issue of noise sources and sensitivity in the laser spectroscopy is examined in some detail, and possibilities for future enhancements are discussed.

Notes: Results are given from the first comprehensive and complementary measurements using the final production U.S. Common Long Pulse Ion Sources mounted on both the TFTR neutral beam test beamline and the TFTR neutral beam injection system, with actual tokamak experimental conditions, power systems, controls, and operating methods. The set of diagnostics included water calorimetry, thermocouples, vacuum ionization gauges, photodiodes, neutron, gamma-ray, and charged particle spectroscopy, optical multichannel analysis, charge exchange spectroscopy, Rutherford backscatter spectroscopy, and implantation/secondary ion mass spectroscopy. These systems were used to perform complementary measurements of neutral beam species, impurities, spatial divergence, energy dispersion, pressure, and reionization. The measurements were performed either in the neutralizer region, where the beam contained both ions and neutrals, or in the region of the output neutral beam. The average of the neutral particle ratios in the range from 80 to 114 keV is D0[E]:D0[E/2]:D0[E/3]=53(5):27(4):20(4), where the quantities in parentheses are the average experimental uncertainties.The corresponding neutral power ratio is P0[E]:P0[E/2]:P0[E/3]=72(9):19(3):9(2). The half widths (1/e) in the horizontal plane for the full-, half-, and third-energy components were 0.26°, 0.34°, and 0.42°, respectively. The dispersions of the full-, half-, and third-energy components were 1.20 keV, 2.35 keV, and 2.26 keV, respectively. The carbon impurity concentration in a 80 keV D0 beam was not greater than 2×10−4 per D0 beam particle, and exhibited an apparent acceleration state of C+. The oxygen impurity concentration was less than 5×10−4 per D0 beam particle, and exhibited an apparent acceleration state of O+. A variety of vacuum conditions were observed depending on the operating conditions. Typically, pressures in the transition ducts were in the range from 0.3 to 0.7×10−5 Torr at the beginning of injection pulses, and reionized power losses were in the range from 0.75% to 1.5% of incident power. At the end of injection pulses, pressures in the transition ducts were in the range from 0.6 to 2×10−5 Torr and reionized power losses were in the range from 2% to 6% of incident power. This work describes generic results, new apparatus, and advances in measurement techniques for the optimization of tokamak neutral beam heating operations and the analysis of neutral beam heated plasmas.

Notes: Data from an E(parallel)B charge exchange neutral analyzer (CENA), which views down the axis of a neutral beamline through an aperture in the target chamber calorimeter of the TFTR neutral beam test facility, exhibit two curious effects. First, there is a turn-on transient lasting tens of milliseconds having a magnitude up to three times that of the steady state level. Second, there is a 720 Hz, up to 20% peak-to-peak fluctuation persisting the entire pulse duration. The turn-on transient occurs as the neutralizer/ion source system reaches a new pressure equilibrium following the effective ion source gas throughput reduction by particle removal as ion beam. Widths of the transient are a function of the gas throughput into the ion source, decreasing as the gas supply rate is reduced. Heating of the neutralizer gas by the beam is assumed responsible, with gas temperature increasing as gas supply rate is decreased. At low gas supply rates, the transient is primarily due to dynamic changes in the neutralizer line density and/or beam species composition. Light emission from the drift duct corroborate the CENA data. At high gas supply rates, dynamic changes in component divergence and/or spatial profiles of the source plasma are necessary to explain the observations. The 720 Hz fluctuation is attributed to a 3% peak-to-peak ripple of 720 Hz on the arc power supply amplified by the quadratic relationship between beam divergence and beam current. Tight collimation by CENA apertures cause it to accept a very small part of the ion source's velocity space, producing a signal linearly proportional to beam divergence. Estimated fluctuations in the peak power density delivered to the plasma under these conditions are a modest 3%–8% peak to peak. The effects of both phenomena on the injected neutral beam can be ameliorated by careful operation of the ion sources.

Notes: Results of steady-state discharge test of coaxial LaB6 cathodes in a multicusp plasma generator are described. After a single-unit test of a compact, 6.4-mm-diam coaxial LaB6 cathode, a discharge test of two cathodes with one heater power supply was carried out with success. In addition, a new tapered coaxial cathode, which was designed to prevent overheating of LaB6 due to ohmic heating by discharge current, was investigated. During steady-state plasma source operation, a discharge current as high as 180 A was obtained with this tapered cathode.

Notes: This work describes a new in situ method for measuring the neutral particle fractions in high-power deuterium neutral beams, used to heat magnetically confined fusion plasmas. Deuterium beams, of variable energies, pulse lengths, and powers up to 47 keV, 100 ms, 1.6 MW, were Rutherford backscattered at 135° from the TiC inner neutral beam armor of the PDX, and detected using an electrostatic analyzer with a microchannel plate. Complete energy scans were made every 20 ms and data were obtained simultaneously from five different positions across the beam profile. The neutral particle fractions were measured to be D0(E):D0(E/2):D0(E/3)=53:32:15. The corresponding neutral power fractions were P0(E):P0(E/2):P0(E/3)=72:21:7, and the associated ionic fractions at the output of the ion source were D+1 (E):D+2 (E):D+3 (E)=74:20:6. The measured neutral particle fractions were relatively constant over more than 70% of the beam power distribution. A decrease in the yield of the full-energy component in the outer regions of the beam was observed.

Notes: A Doppler-shift spectroscopy system has been installed on the TFTR neutral beam injection system to measure species composition during both conditioning and injection pulses using short and long pulse ion sources. Two intensified vidicon detectors and two spectrometers are utilized in a system capable of resolving data from up to 12 ion sources simultaneously. By imaging the light from six ion sources onto one detector, a cost-effective system has been achieved. Fiber optics are used to locate the diagnostic in an area remote from the hazards of the tokamak test cell allowing continuous access, and eliminating the need for radiation shielding of electronic components. Automatic hardware arming and interactive data analysis allow beam composition to be computed between tokamak shots for use in analyzing plasma heating experiments. Measurements have been made using lines of sight into both the neutralizer and the drift duct. Analysis of the data from the drift duct is both simpler and more accurate since only neutral particles are present in the beam at this location. Comparison of the data taken at these two locations reveals the presence of partially accelerated particles possessing an estimated 1/e half-angle divergence of 15° and accounting for up to 30% of the extracted power from the short pulse ion sources. Operation with long pulse ion sources indicates a higher atomic composition, fewer partially accelerated particles, and somewhat reduced neutralization line densities.

Notes: Energy flow within TFTR neutral beamlines is measured with a waterflow calorimetry system capable of simultaneously measuring the energy deposited within four heating beamlines (three ion sources each), or of measuring the energy deposited in a separate neutral beam test stand. Of the energy extracted from the ion source on the well-instrumented test stand, 99.5±3.5% can be accounted for. When the ion deflection magnet is energized, however, 6.5% of the extracted energy is lost. This loss is attributed to a spray of devious particles onto unmonitored surfaces. A 30% discrepancy is also observed between energy measurements on the internal beamline calorimeter and energy measurements on a calorimeter located in the test stand target chamber. Particle reflection from the flat plate calorimeter in the target chamber, which the incident beam strikes at a near-grazing angle of 12°, is the primary loss of this energy. A slight improvement in energy accountability is observed as the beam pulse length is increased. This improvement is attributed to systematic error in the sensitivity of the energy measurement to small fluctuations in the supply water temperature. An overall accuracy of 15% is estimated for the total power injected into TFTR. Contributions to this error are uncertainties in the beam neutralization efficiency, reionization and beam scrape-off in the drift duct, and fluctuations in the temperature of the supply water.

Notes: Five diagnostic systems were used for initial species measurements during tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) neutral beam test stand operations involving four ion sources, as well as several different configurations and operating conditions. Initial results were obtained for total neutral species fractions at the beamline input and the beamline output, differential radial profiles of species fractions, angular divergences of species components, species radial power density profiles, and beam impurity components for various conditions.

Notes: The Dudnikov type Penning source has been operated successfully with low work function LaB6 cathodes in a cesium-free discharge. It is found that the extracted H− current density is comparable to that of the cesium-mode operation and H− current density of 350 mA/cm2 have been obtained for an arc current of 55 A. Discharge current as high as 100 A has also been achieved for short pulse durations. The H− yield is closely related to the source geometry and the applied magnetic field. Experimental results demonstrate that the majority of the H− ions extracted are formed by volume processes in this type of source operation.