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Deep-sea hydrocarbon seep communities: evidence for energy and nutritional carbon sources (1987)

J. M. Brooks ; M. C. Kennicutt, 2nd ; C. R. Fisher ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science. 238(4830): 1138-42. doi: 10.1126/science.238.4830.1138.

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Publication Date: 1987-11-20

Description: Mussels, clams, and tube worms collected in the vicinity of hydrocarbon seeps on the Louisiana slope contain mostly "dead" carbon, indicating that dietary carbon is largely derived from seeping oil and gas. Enzyme assays, elemental sulfur analysis, and carbon dioxide fixation studies demonstrate that vestimentiferan tube worms and three clam species contain intracellular, autotrophic sulfur bacterial symbionts. Carbon isotopic ratios of 246 individual animal tissues were used to differentiate heterotrophic (8(13)C = -14 to -20 per mil), sulfur-based (8(13)C = -30 to -42 per mil), and methane-based (8(13)C = 〈-40 per mil) energy sources. Mussels with symbiotic methanotrophic bacteria reflect the carbon isotopic composition of the methane source. Isotopically light nitrogen and sulfur confirm the chemoautotrophic nature of the seep animals. Sulfur-based chemosynthetic animals contain isotopically light sulfur, whereas methane-based symbiotic mussels more closely reflect the heavier oceanic sulfate pool. The nitrogen requirement of some seep animals may be supported by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Some grazing neogastropods have isotopic values characteristic of chemosynthetic animals, suggesting the transfer of carbon into the background deep-sea fauna.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brooks, J M -- Kennicutt, M C 2nd -- Fisher, C R -- Macko, S A -- Cole, K -- Childress, J J -- Bidigare, R R -- Vetter, R D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Nov 20;238(4830):1138-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839368" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels (1987)

Fisher, C. R. ; Childress, J. J. ; Oremland, R. S. ; [et al.]

Springer

Marine biology 96 (1987), S. 59-71

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ISSN: 1432-1793

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Undescribed hydrocarbon-seep mussels were collected from the Louisiana Slope, Gulf of Mexico, during March 1986, and the ultrastructure of their gills was examined and compared to Bathymodiolus thermophilus, a mussel collected from the deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the Galápagos Rift in March 1985. These closely related mytilids both contain abundant symbiotic bacteria in their gills. However, the bacteria from the two species are distinctly different in both morphology and biochemistry, and are housed differently within the gills of the two mussels. The symbionts from the seep mussel are larger than the symbionts from B. thermophilus and, unlike the latter, contain stacked intracytoplasmic membranes. In the seep mussel three or fewer symbionts appear to be contained in each host-cell vacuole, while in B. thermophilus there are often more than twenty bacteria visible in a single section through a vacuole. The methanotrophic nature of the seep-mussel symbionts was confirmed in 14C-methane uptake experiments by the appearance of label in both CO2 and acid-stable, non-volatile, organic compounds after a 3 h incubation of isolated gill tissue. Furthermore, methane consumption was correlated with methanol dehydrogenase activity in isolated gill tissue. Activity of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase and 14CO2 assimilation studies indicate the presence of either a second type of symbiont or contaminating bacteria on the gills of freshly captured seep mussels. A reevaluation of the nutrition of the symbionts in B. thermophilus indicates that while the major symbiont is not a methanotroph, its status as a sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotroph, as has been suggested previously, is far from proven.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394838

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Diurnal patterns of size-fractioned primary productivity across a coastal front (1987)

Prézelin, B. B. ; Bidigare, R. R. ; Matlick, H. A. ; [et al.]

Springer

Marine biology 96 (1987), S. 563-574

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ISSN: 1432-1793

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract In July 1985, diurnal patterns of photosynthesis and pigmentation were characterized for whole water (〉0.4 μm) and size-fractioned (〉5 μm and 0.4 to 5 μm) communities from three light depths sampled across a coastal thermal front in the Southern California Bight. Samples were collected predawn and held for 20 h in deck incubators. Variations in chlorophyll a and accessory pigment-to-chlorophyll a ratios showed no obvious diurnal trends. Timing of peak photosynthetic potential (P max) and its coincidence with variations in light-limited rates of photosynthesis (alpha), as well as diurnal amplitudes in P max and alpha, often differed between size fractions sampled within the same community. The same was true for identical size fractions collected from different depths and stations transecting the front. Primary productivity was 20-fold greater on the cold water side, where 〉5 μm diatoms dominated the mixed layer and accounted for 80% of daytime productivity. Diatoms collected from the top and bottom of the upper mixed layer displayed nearly identical diurnal patterns in P max and alpha, with midday peaks exceeding predawn values by four-fold and two-fold respectively. Above the pycnocline, the 0.4 to 5 μm fraction had lower assimilation rates than the 〉5 μm fraction and smaller diurnal amplitudes in P max and/or alpha, with daytime patterns often characterized by two peaks interspersed by a short period of photoinhibition. Within the front, the 0.4 to 5 μm fraction accounted for two-thirds of plant biomass and 〉90% of primary production. Pigment analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed enrichment in 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, indicative of enhanced numbers of prymnesiophtes. Photosynthetic activity in confined surface communities was susceptible to daytime photoinhibition, but subsurface communities exhibited midday P max peaks that were three-to seven-fold predawn values. In the warm-water mass, both algal size fractions contributed equally to photosynthesis and chlorophyll a in surface waters, with the 0.4 to 5 μm fraction becoming dominant at the base of the euphotic zone. At all depths, peak P max of the 0.4 to 5 μm fraction occurred before noon, while P max of the 〉5 μm fraction was clearly evident in the afternoon. Elevated chlorophyll b-, 19′hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin- and zeaxanthin-to-chlorophyll a ratios indicated a mixture of algal groups, including chlorophytes, cyanobacteria and prymnesiophytes.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397975

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Catalase in sulfide- and methane-dependent macrofauna from petroleum seeps (1989)

Powell, E. N. ; Morrill, A. C. ; Bidigare, R. R.

Springer

Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 198-200

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ISSN: 1420-9071

Keywords: Catalase ; sulfide ; methane ; oxygen ; petroleum seep ; bivalve ; vestimentiferan

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Summary Vesicomyid and lucinid clams and tubeworms from Gulf of Mexico petroleum seeps, all of which bear symbiotic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria, have much lower catalase activities than shallow-water species lacking symbionts. A petroleum seep mussel bearing methane-oxidizing bacteria is unusual in having catalase activities as high as shallow-water bivalves. Unlike sulfide-dependent meiofauna from shallow-water marine sands, catalase from all petroleum seep species was inhibited by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954876

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Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon seep communities (1989)

MacDonald, I. R. ; Boland, G. S. ; Baker, J. S. ; [et al.]

Springer

Marine biology 101 (1989), S. 235-247

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ISSN: 1432-1793

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Sediment and water samples were collected by submersible in September 1986 at 16 locations on the carbonate cap overlying a conical diapir, which was formed by the upward migration of oil and gas through a subsurface fault on the continental slope off Louisiana, USA (27°47′N; 91°30.4′W). The biological community at the site was photographed quantitatively with still and video cameras. Rigorous spatial sampling indices were maintained so that variation in chemical parameters and in the abundance of photographed organisms could be estimated within the bounds of the study site. Concentrations of extractable organic material (EOM) ranged from 0.24 to 119.26‰ in the sediment samples, while methane concentrations in the water samples were from 0.037 to 66.474 μM. The visible biological community was predominantly composed of the chemosynthetic tube worms (Vestimentifera) Lamellibrachia sp. and Escarpia sp., and an undescribed, methane-oxidizing mussel (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus-like), as well as diverse non-chemosynthetic organisms. The ranked abundance of tube worms was significantly correlated (p〈0.05) with the concentration of EOM in the sediment samples, while the abundance of mussels was significantly correlated (p〈0.05) with the concentration of methane in the water samples. Tube worms and mussels both occurred in dense clusters; however, the clusters of mussels had a more restricted distribution within the study site than did clusters of tube worms. Both organisms were most abundant in the vicinity of the subsurface fault.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391463

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Optical characterization of primary productivity across a coastal front (1987)

Smith, R. C. ; Bidigare, R. R. ; Prézelin, B. B. ; [et al.]

Springer

Marine biology 96 (1987), S. 575-591

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ISSN: 1432-1793

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Methods for the remote estimation of phytoplankton biomass and production rates using multiplatform sampling strategies are essential for the better understanding of oceanic bio-geochemical cycles. Recent advances in remote sensing of ocean color have made synoptic estimation of phytoplankton biomass attainable. While considerable success has been achieved in the estimation of plant biomass, the synoptic estimation of phytoplankton rates of production has been inadequate. Rapid shipboard estimates of the vertical distribution of primary productivity, on mesoscale spatial scales and event-time scales, are needed to provide both surface validation and data for the development of bio-optical models linking production to the optical characteristics of the water column. This study details the primary productivity and optical properties of a frontal region in July 1985 along 35°50′N in the Southern California Bight which is shown to be consistent with the concurrent high-performance liquid-chromatography pigment-analysis. We describe here a “quasi-synoptic” shipboard bio-optical sampling strategy across a frontal region as an example of time-corrected data for assessing phytoplankton production in highly variable ocean regions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397976

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Adaptations to life in the sulfide system: a comparison of oxygen detoxifying enzymes in thiobiotic and oxybiotic meiofauna (and freshwater planarians) (1988)

Morrill, A. C. ; Powell, E. N. ; Bidigare, R. R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of comparative physiology 158 (1988), S. 335-344

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ISSN: 1432-136X

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Summary Although thiobiotic meiofauna live under anoxia, they have higher levels of the oxygen-detoxifying enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) than oxybiotic species. Microoxyphilic oxybios have lower enzyme activities than other oxybiotic species. All meiofauna have lower activities than oxybiotic macrofauna. Catalase and SOD activities increased in direct proportion to sulfide tolerance in thiobios and to ambient oxygen concentration in oxybios. All meiofaunal species studied, including oxybios, are usually exposed to lower O2 concentrations than burrow-dwelling macrofauna and so have lower catalase and SOD activities. Enzyme activities in thiobios must be related to sulfide concentration and sulfide metabolism because simple oxygen exposure is an unlikely explanation. Thiobiotic catalase is insensitive to both azide and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, similar to a sulfide-insensitive bacterial enzyme called pseudocatalase. Catalase and SOD activities are inversely proportional to light sensitivity in three planarian species, suggesting a photo-protective role for these enzymes in these species.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695332

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