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  • Nitrogen fixation  (41)
  • Springer  (41)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • Elsevier
  • 1985-1989  (41)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (41)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • Elsevier
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of plant breeding and selection on yields and nitrogen fixation in soybeans under two soil nitrogen regimes (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 357-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Isotope dilution ; 15N techniques ; Nitrogen availability ; Nitrogen fixation ; Plant breeding ; Varietal comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) have a high N requirement which is fulfilled by soil N uptake and N2-fixation. This study was concerned with the effects of past yield selection on N2-fixation in soybeans. The soybean cultivars, ‘Lincoln’, ‘Shelby’, and ‘Williams’, which represent successive improvements in the ‘Lincoln’ germplasm, and a non-nodulating control were planted in a soil containing15N labelled organic matter. Two replications occurred on soil previously cropped to alfalfa and two on soil previously cropped to soybeans. Plants were harvested at five growth stages and leaf area, plant weight, total N, and atom percent15N were determined. Mature grain was harvested and yield components were also determined, as well as the total N and15N content. Cultivar differences in total dry matter were only evident at physiological maturity, when Williams contained the greatest dry matter. Williams exhibited the longest period of seed formation and seed fill and also had the highest grain yield which resulted from a larger weight per seed. The N content of the cultivars did not vary until physiological maturity when Williams contained the highest percent N. The quantity of N fixed at physiological maturity was highest for Williams and lowest for Lincoln. Fixed N contained in the harvested grain was greater for Williams than for the other two cultivars. The fraction of the total plant N derived from fixation was not greatly affected by cultivar and all cultivars acquired an average of 50% of their total N through N2-fixation. Previous cropping history greatly affected the quantity of N fixed and the fraction of the total plant N derived from fixation. Soybeans following soybeans were more dependent upon N2-fixation than soybeans following alfalfa with the former deriving 65% of the total plant N from fixation and the latter only 32%. These soybean cultivars apparently utilized soil N first and then used N2-fixation to satisfy their N requirement. The past selection for higher yield has resulted in soybean cultivars with improved capacities to fix atmospheric N2 and an improved ability to take up available soil N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02145456
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seeding vs. vegetative propagations of the stem-nodulating green manure Sesbania rostrata (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 279-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Sesbania rostrata ; Green manure ; Biofertilizer ; Nitrogen fixation ; Stem nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ratooning and stem cutting were compared with seeding in order to reduce the amount of seeds of Sesbania rostrata for green-manure growth. Both methods increased the biofertilizer yield highly significantly within a 6-week growth period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261012
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of hydrogenase-negative mutants of Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 595-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 ; Hydrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Chemostat cultures ; H2/N2 ratio ; ATP/2e value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrogenase-negative (Hup-) mutants of Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 were isolated by means of Tn5 mutagenesis. The colony test used for screening for Hup- strains was based on the absence of reduction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride with hydrogen. Suspensions from cultures of the mutant strains grown under derepressing conditions did not use hydrogen with methylene blue or oxygen as the hydrogen acceptor. The mutants were shown to carry single Tn5 insertions at different locations in the A. caulinodans genome. Molar growth yields (corrected for poly-β-hydroxybutyrate formation) in chemostat cultures of the mutants were similar to those of the wild type. Molar growth yields of the mutants were not increased by passing additional hydrogen through chemostat cultures, which is in agreement with the hydrogenase-negative phenotype of the mutants. H2/N2 ratios (mol H2 formed per mol N2 fixed) were calculated from the hydrogen content of the effluent gas and the N-content of the bacterial dry weight. Low H2/N2 ratios (between 1.2 and 1.9) were found in both energy-limited (oxygen or succinate) cultures and in cultures limited by the supply of an anabolic substrate (Mg2+). ATP/2e values (mol ATP used at the transport of 2e to nitrogen or H+) were calculated from the H2/N2 ratios and the molar growth yields of nitrogen-fixing and ammonia-assimilating cultures. ATP/2e values were between 7 and 11. It was concluded that the calculated ATP/2e values comprise not only 4 mol ATP used at the transport of 2e through nitrogenase but also energy equivalents needed for reversed electron flow from NADH to the low-potential hydrogen donor used by nitrogenase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408256
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutants defective in root-nodule bacteroid development and nitrogen fixation (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 144 (1986), S. 355-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Electron microscopy ; Mutants ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Soybean ; Symbiosis ; Transposon Tn5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genome of the slow-growing Bradyrhizobium japonicum (strain 110) was mutagenized with transposon Tn5. A total of 1623 kanamycin/streptomycin resistant derivatives were screened in soybean infection tests for nodulation (Nod) and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Fix). In this report we describe 14 strains possessing a stable, reproducible Nod+Fix- phenotype. These strains were also grown under microaerobic culture conditions to test them for free-living nitrogen fixation activity (Nif). In addition to strains having reduced Fix and Nif activities, there were also strains that had reduced symbiotic Fix activity but were Nif+ ex planta. Analysis of the genomic structure revealed that the majority of the strains had a single Tn5 insertion without any further apparent physical alteration. A few strains had additional insertions (by Tn5 or IS50), or a deletion, or had cointegrated part of the vector used for Tn5 mutagenesis. One of the insertions was found in a known nif gene (nifD) whereas all other mutations seem to affect different, hitherto unknown genes or operons. Several mutant strains had an altered nodulation phenotype, inducing numerous, small, widely distributed nodules. Light and electron microscopy revealed that most of these mutants were defective in different stages of bacteroid development and/or bacteroid persistence. The protein patterns of the mutants were inspected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis after labelling microaerobic cultures with l-(35S)methionine. Of particular interest were mutants lacking a group of proteins the synthesis of which was known to be under oxygen control. Such strains can be regarded as potential regulatory mutants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409885
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fixation of [13N]N2 and transfer of fixed nitrogen in the Anthoceros-Nostoc symbiotic association (1985)
    Springer
    Planta 164 (1985), S. 406-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonia/ammonium (assimilation, excretion) ; Anthoceros ; Bryophyta ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nostoc ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The initial product of fixation of [13N]N2 by pure cultures of the reconstituted symbiotic association between Anthoceros punctatus L. and Nostoc sp. strain ac 7801 was ammonium; it accounted for 75% of the total radioactivity recovered in methanolic extracts after 0.5 min and 14% after 10 min of incubation. Glutamine and glutamate were the primary organic products synthesized from [13N]N2 after incubation times of 0.5–10 min. The kinetics of labeling of these two amino acids were characteristic of a precursor (glutamine) and product (glutamate) relationship. Results of inhibition experiments with methionine sulfoximine (MSX) and diazo-oxonorleucine were also consistent with the assimilation of N2-derived NH 4 + by Anthoceros-Nostoc through the sequential activities of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) and glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.7.1), with little or no assimilation by glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.3). Isolated symbiotic Nostoc assimilated exogenous 13NH 4 + into glutamine and glutamate and their formation was inhibited by MSX, indicating operation of the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase (GS-GOGAT) pathway: However, relative to free-living cultures, isolated symbiotic Nostoc assimilated 80% less exogenous ammonium into glutamine and glutamate, implying that symbiotic Nostoc could assimilate only a fraction of N2-derived NH 4 + . This implication was tested by using Anthoceros associations reconstituted with wild-type or MSX-resistant strains of Nostoc incubated with [13N]N2 in the presence of MSX. The results of these experiments indicated that, in situ, symbiotic Nostoc assimilated about 10% of the N2-derived NH 4 + and that NH 4 + was made available to Anthoceros tissue where it was apparently assimilated by the GS-GOGAT pathway. Since less than 1% of the fixed N2 was lost to the suspension medium, it appears that transfer of NH 4 + from symbiont to host tissue was very efficient in this extracellular symbiotic association.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402954
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and characterization of nifA and ntrC genes of the stem nodulating bacterium ORS571, the nitrogen fixing symbiont of Sesbania rostrata: Regulation of nitrogen fixation (nif) genes in the free living versus symbiotic state (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 206 (1987), S. 207-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Azorhizobium sesbaniae ORS571 ; Nitrogen fixation ; Regulation ; Tn5 mutagenesis ; lacZ fusions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cosmid bank of ORS571, a diazotrophic bacterium capable of inducing aerial stem and root nodules on Sesbania rostrata, was constructed in the vector pLAFR1. A DNA probe carrying the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifA gene was used to identify nifA-and ntrC-like regions of ORS571 in the cosmid bank by colony hybridization. Cosmids carrying these regions were mapped by restriction endonuclease analysis, Southern blotting and transposon Tn5 mutagenesis. Selected Tn5 insertion mutations in the nifA/ntrC homologous regions were used for gene-replacement experiments and the resulting ORS571 mutants were examined for Nif, Fix and Ntr phenotypes. Two clearly distinct regulatory loci were thus identified and named nifA and ntrC. Plasmids carrying gene fusions of the ORS571 nifH and nifD genes to lacZ were constructed and the regulation of the ORS571 nifHDK promoter, and of the Rhizobium meliloti nifHDK promoter, was studied under varying physiological conditions in ORS571, ORS571 nifA::Tn5 and ORS571 nitrC::Tn5 strains. A model for the role of nifA and ntrC in the regulation of ORS571 nif and other nitrogen assimilation genes is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333576
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nodulation, nitrogen fixation and nitrogen uptake in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) of different maturity groups (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 99 (1987), S. 255-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cajanus cajan ; Maturity groups ; Nitrogenase activity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen uptake ; Nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The seasonal patterns of nodulation, acetylene reduction, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen fixation were studies for 11 pigeonpea cultivars belonging to different maturity groups grown on an Alfisol at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India. In all cultivars the nodule number and mass increased to a maximum around 60–80 days after sowing and then declined. The nodule number and mass of medium- and late-maturing cultivars was greater than that of early-maturing cultivars. The nitrogenase activity per plant increased to 60 days after sowing and declined thereafter, with little activity at 100 days when the crop was flowering. At later stages of plant growth nodules formed down to 90 cm below the soil surface but those at greater depth appeared less active than those near the surface. All the 11 cultivars continued to accumulate dry matter until 140 days, with most biomass production by the late-maturing cultivars (up to 11 t ha−1) and least by the early-maturing determinate cultivars (4 t ha−1). Total nitrogen uptake ranged from 69 to 134 kg ha−1. Nitrogen fixation by pigeonpea was estimated as the difference in total nitrogen uptake between pigeonpea and sorghum and could amount to 69 kg N ha−1 per season, or half the total nitrogen uptake. Fixation by pigeonpea increased with crop duration, but there were differences within each maturity group. The limitations of the methods used for estimating N2 fixation by pigeonpea are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370872
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azospirillum — plant root associations: A review (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 356-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Plant-root associations ; Azospirillum spp ; Rhizosphere ; Nitrogen fixation ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA) ; Phytohormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum are extensively studied for their plant-growth promoting effect following inoculation. Physiological and biochemical studies of these diazotrophic bacteria are now benefiting from recent breakthroughs in the development of genetic tools for Azospirilum. Moreover, the identification and cloning of Azospirillum genes involved in N2 fixation, plant interaction, and phytohormone production have given new life to many research projects on Azospirillum. The finding that Azospirillum genes can complement specific mutations in other intensively studied rhizosphere bacteria like Rhizobia will certainly trigger the exploration of new areas in rhizosphere biology. Therefore a review of the Azospirillum-plant interactions is particularly timely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263169
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of nodule damage by Rivellia angulata on N2-fixation, growth, and yield of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) grown in a Vertisol (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nodule damage ; Rivellia angulata ; Nitrogen fixation ; Cajanus cajan ; Pigeonpea ; Vertisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Damage caused by Rivellia angulata larvae to pigeonpea root nodules at the ICRISAT center in India was greater in the crop grown on Vertisols (up to 86%) compared to that on Alfisols (20%). Attempts to quantify the field effects of nodule damage on growth and yield of pigeonpea in a Vertisol, involving many heavy applications of soil insecticides (aldrin and hexachlorocyclohexane) failed because the insecticides did not control the pest and adversely affected the growth of the pigeonpea and the subsequent crop of sorghum (Sorgorum bicolor L. Moench). The impact of nodule damage on pigeonpea growth, yield and nutrient uptake was successfully studied in greenhouse-grown plants at three N levels. In this pot study, artificial inoculation with Rivellia sp. led to substantial nodule damage (70%). The results of this damage were a significant overall reduction in nodule dry weight (46%), acetylene reduction activity (31%), total leaf area (36%), chlorophyll content of leaves (39%) and shoot dry weight (23%) 68 days after sowing. At maturity, Rivellia sp. infestation caused significant reductions in top dry weight (22%), root and nodule dry weight (27%), seed dry weight (14%), and total N (29%) and P uptake (19%). The problems and prospects of manipulating nodule damage so as to reduce N losses in pigeonpea are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292565
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of root exudation of rice seedlings by Azospirillum strains: carbon budget under gnotobiotic conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizosphere ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root exudates ; Soil bacteria ; Carbon budget ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The association of rice seedlings (cv. Delta) with different strains of Azospirillum was studied under monoxenic conditions in the dark. Axenic 3-day-old seedlings were obtained on a C- and N-free medium and inoculated with 6 · 107 bacteria per plant in a closed vial. Seven days later, different components of a carbon budget were evaluated on them and on sterile controls: respired CO2, carbon of shoot and roots, bacterial and soluble carbon in the medium. Two strains (A. lipoferum 4B and A. brasilense A95) isolated from the rhizosphere of rice caused an increase in exudation, + 36% and + 17% respectively compared with sterile control. Shoot carbon incorporation and respiration were reduced by inoculation. A third strain (A. brasilense R07) caused no significant change in exudation. A. lipoferum B7C isolated from maize did not stimulate rice exudation either. We further investigated a possible effect of nitrogen fixation on this phenomenon: inhibition of nitrogen fixation by 10% C2H2 did not modify the extent of C exudation by rice associated with A. lipoferum 4B or with the non-motile A. lipoferum 4T.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280344
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