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  • GEOPHYSICS  (1,850)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (762)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (730)
  • SOLAR PHYSICS  (602)
  • 1985-1989  (2,023)
  • 1980-1984  (1,864)
  • 1955-1959  (37)
  • 1935-1939  (20)
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Year
  • 11
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    First data from the earth radiation budget experiment (ERBE) (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The first data obtained from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) are presented. These data include emitted infrared radiation, albedo, and estimated scene types for Nov. 15, 1984, as well as measurements of the 'solar constant'. Images from the GOES on the same day are included for comparison with the ERBE scene identification. On an instantaneous basis, clouds appear colder and more reflective than seems to have been noted before. The experiment data will be applied to several key studies of cloud-radiation-climate interactions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 67; 818-824
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  • 12
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    Dehydration in the lower Antarctic stratosphere during late winter and early spring, 1987 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The history of minimum temperatures at 50 and 70 mb is examined from NMC, UK Met O and ECMWF analyses. MSU channel 24 data are similarly inspected. South Pole sonde data are used to calculate saturation humidity mixing ratio as a function of altitude and time throughout 1987. Saturation with respect to ice could be maintained for water mixing ratios of 3.5 ppmv for a period of about 80 days from mid-June to mid-September. Dehydration to mixing ratios of 1 ppmv or less was possible sporadically. Data from the ER-2 flights between 53 S and 72 S are used in conjunction with particle size measurements and air parcel trajectories to demonstrate the dehydration occurring over Antarctica. Water mixing ratios at the latitude of Punta Arens (53 S), in conjunction with tracer measurements and trajectory analysis, show that at potential temperatures from about 325 to 400 K, the dryness (less than 3 ppmv) had its origin over Antarctica rather than in the tropics. Water mixing ratios within the Antarctic vortex varied from 1.5 to 3.8 ppmv, with a strong isentropic gradient being evident in the region of high potential vorticity gradients.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11317-11
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  • 13
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    Solar wind-magnetosphere coupling and the distant magnetotail - ISEE-3 observations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: ISEE-3 Geotail observations are used to investigate the relationship between the interplanetary magnetic field, substorm activity, and the distant magnetotail. Magnetic field and plasma observations are used to present evidence for the existence of a quasi-permanent, curved reconnection neutral line in the distant tail. The distance to the neutral line varies from absolute value of X = 120 to 140 R/sub e near the center of the tail to beyond absolute value of X = 200 R/sub e at the flanks. Downstream of the neutral line the plasma sheet magnetic field is shown to be negative and directly proportional to negative B/sub z in the solar wind as observed by IMP-8. V/sub x in the distant plasma sheet is also found to be proportional to IMF B/sub z with southward IMF producing the highest anti-solar flow velocities. A global dayside reconnection efficiency of 20 + or - 5 percent is derived from the ISEE-3/IMP-8 magnetic field comparisons. Substorm activity, as measured by the AL index, produces enhanced negative B/sub z and tailward V/sub x in the distant plasma sheet in agreement with the basic predictions of the reconnection-based models of substorms. The rate of magnetic flux transfer out of the tail as a function of AL is found to be consistent with previous near-earth studies. Similarly, the mass and energy fluxes carried by plasma sheet flow down the tail are consistent with theoretical mass and energy budgets for an open magnetosphere. In summary, the ISEE-3 Geotail observations appear to provide good support for reconnection models of solar wind-magnetosphere coupling and substorm energy rates.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 14
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    Plasma and magnetic field variations in the distant magnetotail associated with near-earth substorm effects (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Examination of many individual event periods in the ISEE 3 deep-tail data set has suggested that magnetospheric substorms produce a characteristic pattern of effects in the distant magnetotail. During the growth, or tail-energy-storage phase of substorms, the magnetotail appears to grow diametrically in size, often by many earth radii. Subsequently, after the substorm expansive phase onset at earth, the distant tail undergoes a sequence of plasma, field, and energetic-particle variations as large-scale plasmoids move rapidly down the tail following their disconnection from the near-earth plasma sheet. ISEE 3 data are appropriate for the study of these effects since the spacecraft remained fixed within the nominal tail location for long periods. Using newly available auroral electrojet indices (AE and AL) and Geo particle data to time substorm onsets at earth, superposed epoch analyses of ISEE 3 and near-earth data prior to, and following, substorm expansive phase onsets have been performed. These analyses quantify and extend substantially the understanding of the deep-tail pattern of response to global substorm-induced dynamical effects.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 15
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    Structure of the magnetotail at 220 earth radii and its response to geomagnetic activity (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using plasma electron and magnetic field measurements from ISEE 3, 220 earth radii from earth, it is found that the magnetotail at that distance is a coherent structure that evidently waves about through distances comparable to its own lateral scale size. For about one-third of the time it was inside the magnetotail, ISEE 3 was in the plasma sheet. During quiet times the plasma sheet is apparently quite thin, but in response to geomagnetic activity it expands, becoming filled with hot plasma flowing tailward at speeds sometimes exceeding 1000 km/sec, and forces the magnetotail cross-section itself to expand. The plasma sheet's expansion is delayed typically by about 30 minutes from the onset of the associated geomagnetic activity (often a clearly identified isolated substorm). The magnetic field in the newly-expanded plasma sheet usually exhibits a few-minute steep northward excursion followed by a more prolonged (and often steep) southward excursion. These are believed to be the signatures of arrival of a plasmoid formed and released near the earth at the onset of the corresponding geomagnetic activity. The discreteness of these plasma releases through the magnetotail and their close association with onsets of geomagnetic activity at earth suggest that they are consequences of spontaneous release, probably by magnetic reconnection, of energy and plasma earlier stored in the magnetotail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 5-7
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  • 16
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    Plasma entry into the distant tail lobes - ISEE-3 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: ISEE-3 measurements indicate that a broad mantle-like boundary layer plasma often exists within the distant geomagnetic tail lobes at all latitudes, directly adjacent to the tail magnetopause. The presence of this boundary layer at large tail distances indicates that plasma from the magnetosheath often crosses the magnetopause locally along much of the length of the tail, and is evidence that the tail is 'open'.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 1078-108
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  • 17
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    Computer simulations of electromagnetic cool ion beam instabilities (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Electromagnetic ion beam instabilities driven by cool ion beams at propagation parallel or antiparallel to a uniform magnetic field are studied using computer simulations. The elements of linear theory applicable to electromagnetic ion beam instabilities and the simulations derived from a one-dimensional hybrid computer code are described. The quasi-linear regime of the right-hand resonant ion beam instability, and the gyrophase bunching of the nonlinear regime of the right-hand resonant and nonresonant instabilities are examined. It is detected that in the quasi-linear regime the instability saturation is due to a reduction in the beam core relative drift speed and an increase in the perpendicular-to-parallel beam temperature; in the nonlinear regime the instabilities saturate when half the initial beam drift kinetic energy density is converted to fluctuating magnetic field energy density.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 4188-420
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  • 18
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    Spiral feature observed at top of rotating thunderstorm (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A dark spiral feature is noted in the geosynchronous satellite visible image of the top of a thunderstorm which also has a Doppler radar-observed mesocyclone. Although the evidence is not conclusive, the feature may represent cyclonic rotation at cloud top associated with the pre-tornado mesocyclone.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; May 1981
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  • 19
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    Observations of a probable change in the solar radius between 1715 and 1979 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A decrease in the solar radius is determined using the technique of Dunham and Dunham (1973), in which timed observations are made just inside the path edges. When the method is applied to the solar eclipses of 1715, 1976, and 1979, the solar radius for 1715 is 0.34 + or - 0.2 arc second larger than the recent values, with no significant change between 1976 and 1979. The duration of totality is examined as a function of distance from the edges of the path. Corrections to the radius of the sun derived from observations of the 1976 and 1979 eclipses by the International Occultation Timing Association are also presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Science; 210; Dec. 12
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  • 20
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    An ISEE 3 study of average and substorm conditions in the distant magnetotail (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Both average and substorm conditions in the distant magnetotail were investigated using ISEE 3 magnetic field and plasma observations. The diameter of the tail, the strength of the lobe magnetic fields, and their dependence on downstream distance were all found to agree well with the flaring tail models of magnetopause geometry and pressure balance. The gradual filling of the lobes by mantle plasma reported in previous ISEE 3 studies were further investigated, and the results were found to be in qualitative agreement with leaky magnetopause model of Pilipp and Morfill (1978). The variations of plasma parameters with X + or -Y, and AE in the plasma sheet were examined. At all distances, the greatest tailward flow speeds were found to be directly proportional to the embedded southward B(z). THe magnitudes of tailward V(x) and southward B(z) are directly proportional to the level of substorm activity near the earth as measured by the AE index.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 10
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