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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of hypophosphite contents and surface treatment on electroplated Co-Ni-P thin films : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 5575-5577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This article describes the effects of sodium hypophosphite (hypo) content in cobalt nickel sulfate bath, and the duration of surface treatment prior to electroplating, on the magnetic, structural, and electrical properties of Co-Ni-P thin films. The coercivity of the Co-Ni-P layer can be controlled independently either by hypo content or by surface treatment. Transmission electron microscopy microstructure indicates that the width of grain boundaries of Co-Ni-P films is influenced by hypo in the magnetic bath. The mechanism of the coercivity increase by hypo in the bath is thought to result from magnetostatic or exchange decoupling at phosphorus-rich grain boundaries. Effects of these factors on media noise can be well-explained by the microstructural change of Co-Ni-P layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353655
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The oxidation of Iron-Chromium-Manganese alloys at 900°C (1991)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 36 (1991), S. 157-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: bixbyite ; iron-chromium-manganese alloys ; spinel ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of nine ternary iron-chromium-manganese alloys was studied at 900°C in an oxygen partial pressure of 26.7 kPa. The manganese concentration was set at 2, 6, and 10 wt. %, and chromium at 5, 12, and 20 wt. %. The scales formed on the low-chromium alloys consisted of (Mn,Fe)2O3, α-Fe2O3, and Fe3O4. These alloys all exhibited internal oxidation and scale detachment upon cooling. The scales formed on the higher-chromium alloys were complicated by nodule formation. Initially, these scales had an outer layer of MnCr2O4 with Cr2O3 underneath, adjacent to the alloy. With the passage of time, however, nodules formed, and the overall reaction rate increased. This tendency was more marked at higher manganese contents. Although these alloys contained a high chromium content, the product chromia scale usually contained manganese. It was concluded that the presence of manganese in iron-chromium alloys had an adverse effect on the oxidation resistance over a wide range of chromium levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938460
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature sulfidation of Fe-Mn-Cr alloys (1991)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 36 (1991), S. 409-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Mn-Cr alloys ; sulfidation ; Cr3S4 ; multilayered scales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Alloys of composition (in weight percent) Fe-10Mn-10Cr, Fe-10Mn-25Cr, and Fe-25Mn-10Cr were reacted at temperatures of 973 and 1073 K with flowing hydrogen-hydrogen sulfide mixtures corresponding to equilibrium sulfur partial pressures of 10−3 and 8 Pa. Sulfide-scale-growth kinetics and morphologies were compared with those found on pure iron and on the binary alloys Fe-25Cr and Fe-25Mn. All alloys reacted according to parabolic kinetics after an initial period of slow approach to this steady state. Of the materials examined, the binary Fe-25Mn showed the slowest sulfidation rates, except at 973 K and a sulfur pressure of 8 Pa, where Fe-10Mn-25Cr had the best performance. Ternary alloys provided improved performance only when a scale layer of Cr3S4 was formed, an event dependent on temperature and sulfur activity. Multilayered scales were always formed on the ternary alloys, and the role of these layers in controlling sulfidation rates is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01151589
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic and morphological development of oxide—sulfide scales on manganese at 1073 K (1992)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 37 (1992), S. 301-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: duplex scale ; mixed gas corrosion ; sulfur dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion behavior of manganese in controlled gas atmospheres of SO2-CO2-CO-N2 at 1073 K was studied. Under all conditions, the gas phase was slow to equilibrate, and catalysis of the gas affected the corrosion mechanism and resulting scale morphologies. Product scales invariably became detached from the metal during reaction, but the high manganese vapor pressure meant that no slowing of reaction resulted. Corrosion under conditions where MnS was the equilibrium reaction product led to the formation of a sulfide scale. At low $$p_{S_2 }$$ values, this scale grew by reaction with either COS or SO2 according to parabolic kinetics. Gases with equilibrium compositions calculated to produce MnO, in fact corroded manganese to produce an inner layer of oxide plus sulfide, and an outer layer of MnO. The tendency to form sulfide was more marked at lower SO2 partial pressure and higher sulfur activities, the latter resulting from gas catalysis. These effects are due to the fact that SO2 is the principal reactant species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665193
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The transition from single to double oxide growth during the high temperature corrosion of a pure metal by a single oxidant (1992)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 38 (1992), S. 309-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: duplex scales ; pure metals ; single oxidant ; two-stage processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the effects of a layer of lower compound on the overall corrosion kinetics in a single oxidant of a pure metal forming two different compounds. It is shown that if both compounds grow together from the start, the presence of the inner layer can only yield an increase of the overall parabolic rate constant compared to the growth of the higher compound only. The kinetics of direct growth of the higher compound on the metal are then examined and compared with a two-stage process involving initial formation of the higher compound directly on the metal, followed after some time by the appearance of an inner layer of the lower compound. The overall rate constant for the second stage may be larger or smaller than its initial single-layer value, depending on the defect nature of the higher oxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666918
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic and morphological development of oxide-sulfide scales on iron at 1073 K (1992)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 37 (1992), S. 281-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfur dioxide ; duplex scales ; gas mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion behavior of pure iron has been investigated at 1073 K in controlled gas atmospheres of SO2-CO2-CO-N2. The equilibrium gas compositions were such that: (1) FeS was stable with respect to FeO, (2) FeO was stable with respect to FeS, and (3) only one of the solids was stable with respect to the gas sulfur and oxygen activities. The resultant scale morphologies are discussed along with the observed parabolic corrosion kinetics. It was shown that duplex (oxide plus sulfide) scales could be produced under all three reaction conditions. Careful adjustment of gas compositions permitted comparisons to be made among sets of experiments having (1) the same $$p_{S_2 }$$ value but different $$p_{SO_2 }$$ and $$p_{O_2 }$$ values, (2) the same $$p_{O_2 }$$ value but different $$p_{SO_2 }$$ , and $$p_{S_2 }$$ values, and (3) the same $$p_{SO_2 }$$ value but different $$p_{S_2 }$$ and $$p_{O_2 }$$ values. In this way it was confirmed that the reactant species was SO2 over a wide range of gas compositions, and under conditions in which solid-state diffusion was rate-controlling. The exception was found at very high $$p_{O_2 }$$ values, where elemental sulfur was the reactant. Catalysis of the reactant gas demonstrated that the results could be affected by the slow approach to equilibrium of the gas phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665192
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfidation behavior of Fe-27Mn-(0-17.3)Mo(a/o) alloys (1993)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 40 (1993), S. 245-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Mn-Mo ; FexMo6S8−z ; three-layered scale ; internal sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Iron-base alloys containing ca. 27 a/o (atomic percent) manganese and up to 17.3 a/o molybdenum were sulfidized in H2/H2S gases of 4 Pa sulfur partial pressure at temperatures of 700–1000° C. Three-layered scales developed on all the molybdenum-containing alloys, and an internal sulfidation zone was observed in most cases. The overall scaling process and individual layer growth all followed parabolic kinetics. The outer and intermediate layers comprised Fe(Mn)S and Mn(Fe)S, respectively. Sulfidation rates varied with the morphology and constitution of the inner layer. The reaction product FexMo6S8−z, which was restricted to the inner layer, is permeable to sulfur, iron and manganese, but not molybdenum.For high-molybdenum levels, the overall scaling rate decreased, as a result of the slow diffusion of iron in FexMo6S8−z. For low-molybdenum levels, this beneficial effect is small and outweighed by the formation of an inner two-phase layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664493
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature corrosion of Cr2O3-forming alloys in CO-CO2-N2 atmospheres (1994)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 42 (1994), S. 163-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Cr2O3-formers ; CO−CO2−N2 mixtures ; inner corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion of Fe−28Cr, Ni−28Cr, Co−28Cr, and pure chromium in a number of gas atmospheres made up of CO−CO2(−N2) was studied at 900°C. In addition, chromium was reacted with H2−H2O−N2, and Fe−28Cr was reacted with pure oxygen at 1 atm. Exposure of pure chromium to H2−H2O−N2 produced a single-phase of Cr2O3. In a CO−CO2 mixture, a sublayer consisting of Cr2O3 and Cr7C3 was formed underneath an external Cr2O3 layer. Adding nitrogen to the CO−CO2 mixture resulted in the formation of an additional single-phase layer of Cr2N next to the metal substrate. Oxidizing the binary alloys in CO−CO2−N2 resulted in a single Cr2O3 scale on Fe−28Cr and Ni−28Cr, while oxide precipitation occurred below the outer-oxide scale on Co−28Cr, which is ascribed to the slow alloy interdiffusion and possibily high oxygen solubility of Co−Cr alloys. Oxide growth followed the parabolic law, and the rate constant was virtually independent of oxygen partial pressure for Fe−28Cr, but varied between the different materials, decreasing in the order chromium 〉Fe−28Cr〉Ni(Co)−28Cr. The formation of an inner corrosion zone on chromium caused a reduction in external-oxide growth rate. Permeation of carbon and nitrogen through Cr2O3 is thought to be due to molecular diffusion, and it is concluded that the nature of the atmosphere affects the permeability of the oxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052021
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of yttrium and zirconium additions on the high-temperature sulfidation behavior of an Fe−10Mo−20Al−8Mn alloy (1994)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 42 (1994), S. 485-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe−Mo−Al−Mn ; Fe−Mo−Al−Mn−Y ; Fe−Mo−Al−Mn−Zr ; Al2O3, Al0.55Mo2S4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of zirconium and yttrium additions on the sulfidation behavior of an Fe−10Mo−20Al−8Mn(a/o, atom percent) alloy were examined in flowing H2/H2S gas of 4Pa sulfur partial pressure at 900°C. Good scale protection was obtained during the initial reaction stage of the base alloy. However, after 7–8 hr, the formation of internal (Mn,Fe) Al2S4 platelets triggered breakdown of the protective scale. The reaction products of the zirconium-containing alloy were nonprotective. Yttrium addition resulted in an Y(Fe1−xAlx)12 network along the alloy ferrite grain boundaries. Preferential sulfidation of this phase led to almost complete manganese depletion from the engulfed ferrite, and consequently avoided the manganese-promoted scale breakdown.After an even slower initial stage, this alloy sulfidized at a parabolic rate two orders of magnitude slower than that of pure iron. The protection during the initial and following stages was believed to be provided by an Al2O3-containing layer and an Al0.55Mo2S4+FexMo6S8−z layer, respectively. The formation of Al2O3 is thought to be due to oxygen impurities in the H2S gas, which cannot be removed by conventional means.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046762
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen doping effects in the sulfidation of molybdenum (1991)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 36 (1991), S. 15-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: anions ; diffusion ; intercalation ; point defects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of molybdenum sulfidation have been studied in H2S/H2 gas mixtures at 1173 K. Sulphur partial pressures were controlled by the equilibrium reaction between H2S, H2, and S2. Pure molybdenum metal was sulfidized at a fixed $$p{_S} _{_2 } $$ value of 133 Pa with varying H2S and H2 partial pressures, and at fixed H2S partial pressures of 5.06×10 pa4 and 5.06×103 Pa with varying hydrogen and sulfur partial pressures. The gravimetric sulfidation kinetics were parabolic under all conditions. X-ray diffraction analysis of the reaction product scale revealed the presence of MoS2 only. The sulfide scales were of uniform thickness, had a compact morphology, and were tightly adherent to the metal. The sulfidation rates at a fixed sulfur partial pressure increased with increasing hydrogen partial pressure. At fixed $$p{_H} _{_2} {_S} $$ values, the rate was almost constant at high $$p{_H} _{_2 } $$ values, but increased substantially as $$p{_H} _{_2 } $$ was decreased. Defect models for hydrogen dissolution in MoS2 are developed and compared with the experimental results. It is concluded that the sulfidation rate effects are due to hydride anion occupation of interlayer sites in MoS2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938454
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