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  • 1990-1994  (3)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholesteryl esters on the body surfaces of the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii (Koch, 1844) and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 18 (1994), S. 265-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Mounting sex pheromones ; ticks ; Hyalomma dromedanii ; Rhipicephalus sanguineus ; cholesteryl esters ; HPLS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cholesteryl esters were found to constitute a major component of the lipids coating the body cuticle of females of the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. One or more cholesteryl esters, alone or in combination, have been shown to serve as the mounting sex pheromone of several species of ixodid ticks. Consequently, knowledge of these compounds is important for an understanding of the mating behavior of these ticks. Based on thin layer chromatography, cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were the most abundant neutral lipids found on the body surfaces of fed females of these two species. Analysis using HPLC demonstrated significant quantities of the following compounds, tentatively identified as cholesteryl esters (expressed in micrograms per female equivalent), in H. dromedarii: Cholesteryl acetate 18.2; cholesteryl laurate, 6.8; cholesteryl linoleate, 24.8; cholesteryl oleate, 12.9; cholesteryl palmitate, 0.3; and cholesteryl stearate 1.7. In contrast, the same method revealed only 3 cholesteryl esters in extracts of females of R. sanguineus: Cholesteryl acetate, 2.0; cholesteryl linoleate, 8.5; and cholesteryl oleate, 3.0. In both species, two unidentified peaks, with the spectral characteristics of cholesteryl esters, were also observed. Identification of the cholesteryl esters was confirmed: by (1) positive bioassay results with conspecific (H. dromedarii) males and heterospecific (Dermacentor variabilis) males; (2) similarity of ultraviolet spectra between identified sample peaks and authentic standards; and (3) demonstration of cholesterol and the corresponding free fatty acid following enzymatic digestion of each of the HPLC-separated fractions containing the different cholesteryl esters. Comparisons with the cholesteryl ester composition of the mounting sex pheromone of other metastriate Ixodidae are discussed. These findings, along with studies reported previously, suggest that differences in the mounting sex pheromones of ixodid ticks are an important factor in minimizing heterospecific matings in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00132316
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of known and suspected pheromonal constituents in males of the African ticks,Amblyomma hebraeum Koch andAmblyomma variegatum (Fabricius) (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 13 (1991), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three low molecular weight compounds were found in hexane: diethyl ether extracts of fed males of the African ticks,Amblyomma variegatum (tropical bont tick) andA. hebraeum (bont tick), namely,o-nitrophenol, methyl salicylate and 2,6-dichlorophenol. These same compounds were also found in a rinse of fedA. variegatum males, but were absent or present in only trace amounts in a rinse of fedA. hebraeum males.o-Nitrophenol and methyl salicylate were present in much higher concentrations (i.e., amounts/tick) inA. variegatum than inA. hebraeum. 2,6-Dichlorophenol was also more abundant inA. variegatum than inA. hebraeum, but the differences were not as great as with the former two compounds. Extraction in hexane over a 3-week period revealed four additional compounds, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzothiazole and nonanoic acid. The first three compounds were found in males of both species; nonanoic acid was found only inA. hebraeum males. Published reports consistently show strong attraction byo-nitrophenol and methyl salicylate for both sexes of the two bont tick species; 2,6-dichlorophenol and benzaldehyde have been reported to be attractive to both sexes ofA. hebraeum. The possible roles of these compounds, as well as others occasionally reported fromA. hebraeum andA. variegatum, as components of the aggregation/attachment pheromone or other pheromones is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01193665
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pheromonal composition of two species of african Amblyomma ticks: similarities, differences and possible species specific components (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 18 (1994), S. 37-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two species of bont ticks, Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum, common to Africa were studied to compare types and quantities of compounds known or believed to serve as components of the attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromone (AAAP). A complex of attraction, aggregation and attachment stimulating pheromone components are used by these to detect hosts, mates and, perhaps, minimize interspecific breeding. Solvent extraction of pheromone emitting ticks followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed little qualitative difference in the composition of the AAAP in these two species. However, subtle differences in the relative proportions of the pheromonal blend are noted suggesting that such differences in concentration may facilitate species-specific discrimination during aggregation and attachment. Differences in the relative abundance of benzaldchyde and methyl salicylate in the males of the two species were especially noteworthy. Possible means by which such differences in phenolic compound composition may affect the behavior of these ticks are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051401
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