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  • 1
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    Fine-scale structure of pheromone plumes modulates upwind orientation of flying moths (1994)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orientation of male gypsy moths,Lymantria Dispar (L.), to pheromone sources: The role of olfactory and visual cues (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 443-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; walking orientation ; flying orientation ; sex pheromone ; visual responses ; mate-finding behaviors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of olfaction and vision in the close-ranging flying and walking orientation of male gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar(L.), to females was studied in the forest and in the laboratory. In the forest, feral males found an isolated pheromone source as readily as one supplemented with female visual cues; dead, acetonerinsed females deployed without pheromone received virtually no visitations. In flight tunnel choice experiments using cylinders as surrogate trees and pheromone in different spatial configurations, visual attributes of the female did not influence either the males' choice of landing site or the efficiency with which they located the female. Rather, the presence of pheromone on the cylinder was necessary to elicit orientation as well as landing and walking on the cylinder. When a female visual model was placed in various positions around a pheromone source, walking males oriented primarily to the chemical stimulus. There were, however, indications that males would alter their walking paths in response to female visual cues over short distances (〈5 cm), but only if they continued to receive pheromone stimulation. When visual and chemical cues were abruptly uncoupled by altering the trajectory of the pheromone plume, most males responded to the loss of the odor cue rather than to visual cues from the female. Temporal pheromone stimulation patterns affected male walking orientation. When stimulated by pheromone, males oriented toward the source; loss of the odor cue prompted an arearestricted local search characterized by primarily vertical and oblique movements with frequent reversals in direction. Presumably these maneuvers enhance the likelihood of recontacting the plume or serendipitously encountering the female. The apparent lack of visual response to the female is discussed in light of morphological and behavioral evidence suggesting that gypsy moths were formerly nocturnal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052011
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of moth size on velocity and steering during upwind flight toward a sex pheromone source byLymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 177-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Lymatria dispar ; moth size ; anemotaxis ; flight speed ; sex pheromone ; orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Free-flying male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar)head upwind in response to sex pheromone. Males typically fly in a zigzag path, with mean ground speeds modulated by pheromone concentration and ambient temperature, but not by wind speed. We studied the effect of male size on ground speeds and additional flight track parameters. Mean net ground speed along the wind line was fastest among large males and was slower in medium and small males. Similarly, mean airspeeds and ground speeds along the flight tracks increased from small to large males. Males from all three size classes steered similar mean course angles. Small males, however, had larger mean track angles than larger males, and mean drift angles were also larger for small males. Turning rates (frequency of turns across the wind line) and interturn distances (net crosswind displacement between turn apices) were not significantly different among the three size classes; however, large males had a trend toward a reduced mean turning rate and increased mean interturn distance. The steering of similar course angles by males from all three size classes and the higher airspeeds among larger males (the two variables males can actively control during free flight) suggest that changes in other flight parameters are a result primarily of increased ground speed among large males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051503
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine-scale structure of pheromone plumes modulates upwind orientation of flying moths (1994)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 369 (1994), S. 142-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Cadra cautella males were tested in a wind tunnel21 using either ribbon or turbulent pheromone plumes at two concentrations. A ribbon plume consisted of a single continuous filament of odour. A turbulent plume was characterized as a stream of odour pulses separated by gaps of clean air (Table ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/369142a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pheromone-modulated optomotor response in male gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L.: Upwind flight in a pheromone plume in different wind velocities (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 167 (1990), S. 699-706 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Lymantria dispar males flying in a wind tunnel, up a plume of female sex pheromone, respond to increasing wind velocity by steering a course more precisely upwind. Even though the course angles steered are distributed unimodally about zero degrees (0°), the resulting track angles maintain a remarkably consistent bimodal distribution across all wind velocities tested (Fig. 4). 2. As the wind velocity increased, the moths maintained their average track angle and ground speed at fairly constant values (Figs. 2, 3). The males actively maintained these ‘preferred’ track angles and ground speeds by varying their air speed (Fig. 2) and course angles steered (Fig. 3). 3. The longitudinal component of image flow, the signal which hypothetically controls ground speed, remained relatively constant across all wind velocities (Fig. 5). The transverse component of image flow, which presumably controls steering increased significantly as the wind velocity increased (Fig. 5). There was no constant relationship between the transverse and longitudinal components of image flow; they appear to be used independently to control flight. 4. The males maintained the temporal aspects of their zigzagging flight tracks with remarkable consistency (Table 1). The duration between turns remained nearly the same across all wind velocities, lending support to a hypothetical CNS counterturning generator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192664
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel periodicity and influence of age and mating on sex pheromone titer in gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 749-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone glandtiter ; diel periodicity ; age effect ; mating effect ; cis-7 ; 8-epoxy-2-methylocta-decane ; 2-methyl-cis-7-octadecene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The diel periodicity of sex pheromone titer from pheromone glands of femaleLymantria dispar is described. On the day of emergence (day 0), pheromone titer was generally low; means ranged from 1 to 4 ngcis- 7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane during photophase and gradually increased to 8.4 ng over the course of scotophase. For day-1, -2, and -3 females, the diel fluctuations of titer were more pronounced. Lowest titers (5–9 ng) occurred 0–4 hr after lights-on, and peak titers (19–32 ng) were found 0–4 hr before lights-off. Comparison of the average daily titer among the different age groups (data pooled over six time points at 4-hr intervals) indicated that significantly less pheromone was extracted from glands of day-0 (4.5 ng) than day-1 (12.4 ng), day-2 (15.4 ng), or day-3 females (13.5 ng). No significant differences were found among the three older ages. Femalesin copula exhibited a rapid reduction in titer within the first 0.5 hr of mating initiation (7.6 ng vs. 19.5 ng from virgin females of similar age). After the second 0.5 hr, the reduction in titer was not nearly as marked, falling only to 4.5 ng. Twenty-four hours after mating, titer fell below the limits of detection (0.5 ng). All extracts from pheromone glands of virgin or mated females contained 〈 1.0 ng of the putative pheromone precursor, 2-methyl-cis-7-octadecene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994612
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