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  • 1
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    Nitric oxide activation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase in neurotoxicity (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-04
    Description: Poly(adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose) synthetase (PARS) is a nuclear enzyme which, when activated by DNA strand breaks, adds up to 100 adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose (ADP-ribose) units to nuclear proteins such as histones and PARS itself. This activation can lead to cell death through depletion of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (the source of ADP-ribose) and adenosine triphosphate. Nitric oxide (NO) stimulated ADP-ribosylation of PARS in rat brain. Benzamide and other derivatives, which inhibit PARS, blocked N-methyl-D-aspartate- and NO-mediated neurotoxicity with relative potencies paralleling their ability to inhibit PARS. Thus, NO appeared to elicit neurotoxicity by activating PARS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, J -- Dawson, V L -- Dawson, T M -- Snyder, S H -- DA-00074/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA-00266/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA-271-90-7408/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 4;263(5147):687-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8080500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Benzamides/pharmacology ; Brain/cytology/drug effects/enzymology ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/drug effects/enzymology ; DNA Damage ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; N-Methylaspartate/*toxicity ; Neurons/cytology/*drug effects/enzymology ; Nitric Oxide/*toxicity ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal pattern of foraging and microhabitat use by Galápagos marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 96 (1993), S. 56-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Marine iguanas ; Foraging ; Thermoregulation ; Micrometeorology ; Operative temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We observed a colony of marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) on Isla Fernandina, Galápagos, Ecuador, while measuring local micrometeorological and tidal conditions. We found size-related differences in foraging mode, with smaller iguanas feeding intertidally during daytime low tides and larger iguanas feeding subtidally. Despite having greater opportunity, subtidal foragers did not time their foraging bouts or exploit their environment in ways that optimized their period at high body temperature. Instead, the foraging schedule of these iguanas served to maximize their rate of rewarming following emergence from the cool sea. Intertidal feeders, by contrast, showed much greater behavioral flexibility in attempting to exploit their thermal environment. We suggest that size-ordered differences in marine iguana thermoregulatory behavior reflect underlying ontogenetic changes in costs and benefits of thermoregulation due to differences in predator pressure, quantity of food and electrolytes taken at each feeding, mode of foraging, and agonistic tendencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318031
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The emergence of endothermy in the black-footed and Laysan albatrosses (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 164 (1994), S. 292-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Thermoregulation ; Endothermy ; Embryos ; Hatchlings ; Albatrosses, Diomedea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eggs with pip-holes of the black-footed (Diomedea nigripes) and Laysan (Diomedea immutabilis) albatrosses were exposed to various air temperatures in the range 20–35°C in order to detect signs of incipient endothermy in late embryos. No evidence of endothermy was found. In contrast, the O2 consumption of most hatchlings increased in response to cooling, the O2 consumption at an air temperature of 25° C exceeding that between 34 and 35°C by 40%. In a minority of hatchlings this response was not seen. It was suggested that endothermy may develop at some time during the 24 h after hatching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346445
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoregulation in a large bird, the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 164 (1994), S. 464-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Cutaneous evaporation ; Panting ; Ratite ; Thermoregulation ; Emu,Dromaius novaehollandiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The emu is a large, flightless bird native to Australia. Its habitats range from the high snow country to the arid interior of the continent. Our experiments show that the emu maintains a constant body temperature within the ambient temperature range-5 to 45°C. The males regulate their body temperature about 0.5°C lower than the females. With falling ambient temperature the emu regulates its body temperature initially by reducing conductance and then by increasing heat production. At-5°C the cost of maintaining thermal balance is 2.6 times basal metabolic rate. By sitting down and reducing heat loss from the legs the cost of homeothermy at-5°C is reduced to 1.5 times basal metabolic rate. At high ambient temperatures the emu utilises cutaneous evaporative water loss in addition to panting. At 45°C evaporation is equal to 160% of heat production. Panting accounts for 70% of total evaporation at 45°C. The cost of utilising cutaneous evaporation for the other 30% appears to be an increase in dry conductance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714584
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ventilatory accommodation of oxygen demand and respiratory water loss in a large bird, the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), and a re-examination of ventilatory allometry for birds (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 164 (1994), S. 473-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Allometry ; Thermoregulation ; Ventilation ; Emu,Dromaius novaehollandiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ventilation was studied in the emu, a large flightless bird of mass 40kg, within the range of ambient temperatures from-5 to 45°C. Data for the emu and 21 other species were used to calculate allometric relationships for resting ventilatory parameters in birds (breath frequency=13.5 mass-0.314; tidal volume=20.7 mass1.0). At low ambient temperatures the ventilatory system must accommodate the increased metabolic demand for oxygen. In the emu this was achieved by a combination of increased tidal volume and increased oxygen extraction. Data from emus sitting and standing at-5°C, when metabolism is 1.5x and 2.6x basal metabolic rate, respectively, indicate that at least in the emu an increase in oxygen extraction can be stimulated by low temperature independent of oxygen demand. At higher ambient temperatures ventilation was increased to facilitate respiratory water loss. The emu achieved this by increased respiratory frequency. At moderate heat loads (30–35°C) tidal volume fell. This is usually interpreted as a mechanism whereby respiratory water loss can be increased without increasing parabronchial ventilation. At 45°C tidal volume increased; however, past studies have shown that CO2 washout is minimal under these conditions. The mechanism whereby this is possible is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714585
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  • 6
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    Chloride conductance expressed by delta F508 and other mutant CFTRs in Xenopus oocytes (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is associated with expression of a chloride conductance that is defective in cystic fibrosis (CF). Xenopus oocytes injected with RNA coding for CFTR that contained mutations in the first nucleotide binding fold (NBF1) expressed chloride currents in response to raising adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) with forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). The mutant CFTRs were less sensitive than wild-type CFTR to this activating stimulus, and the reduction in sensitivity correlated with the severity of cystic fibrosis in patients carrying the corresponding mutations. This demonstration provides the basis for detailed analyses of NBF1 function and suggests potential pharmacologic treatments for cystic fibrosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Drumm, M L -- Wilkinson, D J -- Smit, L S -- Worrell, R T -- Strong, T V -- Frizzell, R A -- Dawson, D C -- Collins, F S -- DK29786/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK39690/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK42718/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1797-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1722350" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Chloride Channels ; Chlorides/*metabolism ; Cystic Fibrosis/genetics/physiopathology ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Humans ; Ion Channels/physiology ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Membrane Proteins/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Microinjections ; *Mutation ; Oocytes/drug effects/*physiology ; RNA/administration & dosage/genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-2 and beta-arrestin-2 as mediators of odorant-induced desensitization (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-02-05
    Description: beta-Adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) and beta-arrestin function in the homologous or agonist-activated desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors. The isoforms beta ARK-2 and beta-arrestin-2 are highly enriched in and localized to the dendritic knobs and cilia of the olfactory receptor neurons where the initial events of olfactory signal transduction occur. Odorants induce a rapid and transient elevation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), which activates a nonspecific cation channel and produces membrane depolarization. Preincubation of rat olfactory cilia with antibodies raised against beta ARK-2 and beta-arrestin-2 increased the odorant-induced elevation of cAMP and attenuated desensitization. These results suggest that beta ARK-2 and beta-arrestin-2 mediate agonist-dependent desensitization in olfaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dawson, T M -- Arriza, J L -- Jaworsky, D E -- Borisy, F F -- Attramadal, H -- Lefkowitz, R J -- Ronnett, G V -- NS 01578-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS-02131/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Feb 5;259(5096):825-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8381559" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens/*metabolism ; *Arrestins ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; *Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Dendrites/physiology ; Eye Proteins/*metabolism ; G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; Male ; Mechanoreceptors/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Odors ; Olfactory Bulb/*physiology ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; *Smell ; Testis/physiology ; Turbinates/*physiology ; beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Endothelial NOS and the blockade of LTP by NOS inhibitors in mice lacking neuronal NOS (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-07-22
    Description: Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent increase in synaptic strength implicated in certain forms of learning and memory. In the CA1 region of the hippocampus, LTP is thought to involve the release of one or more retrograde messengers from the postsynaptic cell that act on the presynaptic terminal to enhance transmitter release. One candidate retrograde messenger is the membrane-permeant gas nitric oxide (NO), which in the brain is released after activation of the neuronal-specific NO synthase isoform (nNOS). To assess the importance of NO in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, LTP was examined in mice where the gene encoding nNOS was disrupted by gene targeting. In nNOS- mice, LTP induced by weak intensity tetanic stimulation was normal except for a slight reduction in comparison to that in wild-type mice and was blocked by NOS inhibitors, just as it was in wild-type mice. Immunocytochemical studies indicate that in the nNOS- mice as in wild-type mice, the endothelial form of NOS (eNOS) is expressed in CA1 neurons. These findings suggest that eNOS, rather than nNOS, generates NO within the postsynaptic cell during LTP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Dell, T J -- Huang, P L -- Dawson, T M -- Dinerman, J L -- Snyder, S H -- Kandel, E R -- Fishman, M C -- DA-00074/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA-00266/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH-45923/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 22;265(5171):542-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7518615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Arginine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Electric Stimulation ; Endothelium/enzymology ; Hippocampus/drug effects/enzymology/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects ; Mice ; Mutation ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Nitroarginine ; Pyramidal Cells/drug effects/enzymology/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Retinoids selective for retinoid X receptor response pathways (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-12-18
    Description: Retinoids have a broad spectrum of biological activities and are useful therapeutic agents. Their physiological activities are mediated by two types of receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs). RARs, as well as several related receptors, require heterodimerization with RXRs for effective DNA binding and function. However, in the presence of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a ligand for both RARs and RXRs, RXRs can also form homodimers. A series of retinoids is reported that selectively activates RXR homodimers but does not affect RAR-RXR heterodimers and thus demonstrates that both retinoid response pathways can be independently activated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lehmann, J M -- Jong, L -- Fanjul, A -- Cameron, J F -- Lu, X P -- Haefner, P -- Dawson, M I -- Pfahl, M -- CA50676/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA51993/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1944-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Center, La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1335166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/genetics/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Structure ; Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; *Receptors, Retinoic Acid ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Retinoid X Receptors ; Retinoids/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Transcription Factors ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tretinoin/metabolism/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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