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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on binary and ternary blends of polypropylene with ABS and LDPE. II. Impact and tensile properties (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 39 (1990), S. 515-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies on impact and tensile properties of binary blend of PP and ABS and ternary blend of PP, ABS, and LDPE are presented. Variation of impact strength and the fracture surface morphology with blend composition is examined and interpreted. Tensile behavior in the yield region is studied and the trends of variation of work of yield and impact strength are compared to ascertain the predominent mechanism of impact toughening in these binary and ternary blends. An analysis of yield-stress data in terms of theoretical models is presented to reveal the differences in these binary and ternary blends, attributable to the role of LDPE component in the ternary blend.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070390303
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization, tensile, and impact behavior of polypropylene/polybutadiene blend (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 297-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A blend of isotactic polypropylene (PP) and polybutadiene (PBu), in the composition range 5-35 wt % PBu content, prepared by mixing in a two-roll mill, is studied for crystallization, tensile, and impact behavior. Variations in crystallization behavior and the resulting morphology and structure are observed in both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction measurements on this blend as a function of blend composition. Impact and tensile properties are studied in the entire blend composition range. Analysis of tensile properties data in terms of the various theoretical models is attempted to obtain better insight into the interphase adhesion and stress concentration effect in this blend. The effects of blend composition on the state of dispersion and morphology of dispersed phase droplets and correlation of tensile properties with the crystallization parameters of PP component are also presented.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070420202
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glass fiber reinforced polypropylene/EPDM blends. II. Mechanical properties and morphology (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 451-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tensile and impact properties of the ternary system polypropylene (PP)/ethylene propylene diene elastomer (EPDM)/glass fiber (GF) and the corresponding binary systems PP/EPDM blend and PP/GF composite are studied. Results are presented and analyzed as functions of compositional variables, viz., (i) matrix PP/EPDM blending ratio at constant GF loadings and (ii) GF loading at constant matrix blending ratios for the ternary system and (iii) EPDM content for PP/EPDM binary system and (iv) GF content for the binary system PP/GF, respectively. The role of individual components EPDM and GF in these mechanical properties is discussed and their combined effects are inspected at certain composition ranges. Theoretical analysis of tensile data is presented which reveals the effect of EPDM on the reinforcing effect of GF. Unlike the conventional role of an elastomer, increase of EPDM content in the presence of GF increases the modulus of the ternary system. Impact strength of the ternary system increases with increasing GF content both in the presence and absence of EPDM, showing a distinct minimum at matrix blending ratio PP/EPDM 90/10. Scanning electron micrographs of impact-fractured surfaces are presented to illustrate the dispersion of the two phases of the polyblend matrix, fiber alignment, and the fiber interface.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430306
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties and morphology of high-density polyethylene/linear low-density polyethylene blend (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 99-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The binary blend of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) in the range of composition from 100% HDPE to 100% LLDPE has been investigated for tensile and flexural properties and the morphology in the deformed state on tensile fracture. Tensile properties (initial modulus, yield stress, and elongation-at-yield, ultimate tensile strength and elongation-at-break, and work of yield and work of rupture) and flexural properties (flexural modulus and flexural yield stress) are studied as a function of blend composition. Behavior, in terms of these properties, is distinguishable in three zones of blend composition, viz. (i) HDPE-rich blend, (ii) LLDPE-rich blend, and (iii) the middle zone. In zones (i) and (ii), the variations of these properties are more or less linear, whereas in the middle region [i.e., zone (iii)], there is a reversal of trends in variation or sometimes a behavior opposite to the expected one. The results are explained on the basis of the effects of cocrystallization and the presence of octene-containing segments in the amorphous phase. Scanning electron micrographs of the tensile fracture surfaces are presented to illustrate the occurrence of transverse bands interconnecting the fibrils.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460110
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flexural and impact properties of high-density polyethylene/linear low-density polythylene blend (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 49 (1993), S. 477-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this article, a study of flexural and impact properties of binary blends of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), over a full range of blending ratios, is presented. The property distinctions in the three ranges of composition (viz., HDPE-rich blend, LLDPE-rich blend, and the middle region) are remarkable and consistent with the different effects of cocrystallization in the respective concentration ranges. Furthermore, the analysis of flexural yield properties data, in terms of the Ree-Eyring equation, and the correlation of results with variation of x-ray crystallinity are presented, which suggests the existence of two types (i.e., mobile and immobile) of segments in the amorphous phase of the blend. The relative variation of these two types of amorphous phase in the three different composition ranges of the blend are discussed. The impact strength variation of this blend is also found to correlate with the variation of the fraction of amorphous phase in the blend. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070490312
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melt rheological behavior of PP-SAN blend (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 1891-1900 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of melt rheology of the blend of styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) and polypropylene (PP) in composition range 0-50 wt % SAN content is presented. Measurements are made on a capillary rheometer at temperatures of 210, 230, and 250°C. The data are presented as flow curves and variations of melt viscosity and melt elasticity as functions of shear rate and blend composition. Scanning electron micrographs are presented to illustrate the dispersion and other characteristics of the SAN droplets. Results of melt rheology are interpreted in terms of the role of SAN droplets in the blend.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070431014
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melt-rheological properties of PP/EVA blend (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 281-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes a study of melt-rheological properties of the binary blend of isotactic polypropylene (PP) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) at varying blending ratios (from 0 to 40 wt % EVA content) and using three samples of EVA containing different vinyl acetate contents (VA %), viz. 9, 12, and 19%. Measurements made on a capillary rheometer at three different temperatures (210, 220, and 230°C) in a shear stress range of 104-106 Pa (shear rate 101-104 s-1) are presented and discussed for the effects of blend composition and shear stress on the flow curves, melt viscosity and melt elasticity. Morphology of the blend studied through scanning electron microscopy revealed distinct differences in size and number density of dispersed EVA droplets, which are discussed in terms of the variation of average size and number density of the dispersed EVA droplets as a function of blend composition and shear stress. Melt-rheological properties and morphology of dispersion are correlated and found quite consistent.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460209
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melt rheology and morphology of PP/SEBS/PC ternary blend (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 47 (1993), S. 167-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Melt rheological properties of the ternary blend of isotactic polypropylene (PP), styreneethylene-butylene-styrene terpolymer (SEBS), and polycarbonate (PC), PP/SEBS/PC, are studied in a wide range of composition, such that PP is the matrix and SEBS and PC are the minor components, with the proportion of one varying from 0 to 30% at various fixed compositions of the other. The respective binary blends, PP/SEBS and PP/PC, studied as the reference systems for interpretation of results on the ternary blends yielded interesting new information about the morphology development and its correlation with melt rheological properties of these binary blends. The studies include the measurement of melt rheological properties on a capillary rheometer in the shear rate range 101-104 s-1 at a fixed temperature of 240°C. The data presented as conventional flow curves are analyzed for the effect of blend composition and shear rate on pseudoplasticity, melt viscosity, and melt elasticity, and role of each individual component is identified. Morphology of dispersed phases of these blends is studied through scanning electron microscopy of the cryogenically fractured and suitably etched surfaces. Variations of morphology with blend composition and shear rate showed interesting correlation with melt rheological properties, which are discussed in detail. An important finding of the morphological studies is that in the PP/SEBS/PC ternary blend the SEBS phase forms two types of morphologies depending on the blend composition and shear rate: (i) simple droplets and (ii) boundary layer at the surface of the PC droplets. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070470118
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acrylonitrile-acrylic acids copolymers. I. Synthesis and characterization (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 49 (1993), S. 823-833 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acrylonitrile (AN) was copolymerized with acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA), and itaconic acid (IA) by the aqueous suspension method at 40°C with ammonium persulfate and sodium metabisulfite as the redox initiator. The reactivity ratios for the AN-AA and AN-IA systems were also calculated by the Finemann-Ross and the Kelen-Tüdõs methods. Higher r2 (AA) for the AN-AA system in comparison to r2 (IA) for the AN-IA system indicates greater reactivity of AA toward the propagating species. The influence of co-monomers on intrinsic viscosity, tacticity, and number-average sequence lengths was studied. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that AN copolymers having approximately 2 mol % of AA have a greater percentage (〉30%) of isotactic content than of homopolyacrylonitrile. Tacticity has also been calculated from infrared spectra of the polymers using stereospecific absorption bands at 1250 and 1230 cm-1. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070490508
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties and morphology of PP/SEBS/PC blends (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 53 (1994), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rubber toughening of thermoplastic polymers always decreases the tensile and flexural properties. In this article, an attempt is made to improve the tensile and flexural properties of a rubber-toughened polymer system viz., polypropylene (PP)/styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene tri-block copolymer (SEBS) binary blend by blending a rigid polymer viz., polycarbonate (PC) with this binary system. The PP/SEBS blend with a blending ratio fixed at three levels, namely 95/5, 90/10, and 80/20, was melt mixed with 0-30 wt % PC to generate the various blend compositions studied. This choice of compositions enabled us to show how the mechanical properties varied as a function of (1) PP/SEBS ratio at a constant PC content and (2) PC content at a constant PP/SEBS ratio of the blend. Data on the corresponding binary blends, namely PP/SEBS and PP/PC, are also presented and discussed as reference systems. The data are discussed in detail for the effect of each component of the blend. As regards the morphology, some distinct changes were seen in the middle of composition ranges of the additives, i.e., around 10 to 20% PC level, and 95/5 and 90/10 PP/SEBS ratios. Variation of mechanical properties in the respective composition ranges are found consistent with the variations of blend morphology. Hence, a correlation of morphology and the properties is discussed. Furthermore, the results suggest stronger interfacial interaction between SEBS and PP than that between PC and PP. Scanning electron microscopic studies of appropriately etched impact fractured samples reveal the existence of composite droplets of SEBS and PC embedded in PP matrix, with SEBS forming the outer envelope around PC. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070530101
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