ALBERT

Notes: Four silages were prepared from grass treated with additives designed to produce different extents of fermentation in the silo. The additive treatments were: formic acid at 5 l t−1; a bacterial inoculant (Ecosyl, ICI plc); the inoculant plus molasses at 20 kg t−1; and a noadditive control. All silages were well preserved. Formic acid severely restricted the extent of fermentation, the concentration of lactic acid being only 50% of that seen for the other treatments, all of which were similar in lactic acid concentrations.The silages were offered ad libitum, either as the sole component of the diet or together with three supplement treatments to 16 British Friesian cows, in four 4 treatment × 4 period Latin squares with periods of 28 d duration. The supplements were: a barley-based mixture at 5 kg d−1 (B); a high-fat, high-protein product at 2 kg d−1 (FPI) and at 3 kg d −1 (FP2); both FP treatments were given with 1 kg d−1 of molassed sugarbeet pulp. A preliminary experiment, using three lactating, rumen-cannulated cows in a 3×3 Latin square design with 28-d periods, provided information on rumen digestion when the supplements were given with a separate, non-experimental silage.In the preliminary experiment, neither of the FP treatments influenced the molar proportion of the major rumen volatile fatty acids compared with treatment B; nor were there any depressive effects of the FP treatments on silage intake compared with treatment B.In the main experiment, the intake of silage with the inoculant treatment was less than that with the other treatments, the effect being generally significant (at least P〈0·05) for all three supplements. When the silages were given unsupplemented, there were differences in the concentration (P〈0·001) and yield (P〈0·01) of milk fat, both of which were lowest for the no-additive control and highest for the formic acid silage. When supplement B was given, the concentration and yield of milk fat were lowest for the no-additive control and the concentration and yield of milk protein were highest for the formic acid silage. For all silages both FP treatments tended to depress silage intake and reduce the concentration of fat and protein in milk compared with treatment B.Although there were clear indications of differences in nutritional characteristics between the silages, there was little evidence that the differences between silages influenced the responses to changes in the composition of the supplements.

Notes: Perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue were grown alone and in association in field plots, to gain an idea of the nature and importance of the competitive interactions between them, and their relative contributions to the yield of the newly-established sward.Experiments over 10 weeks and 9 months both showed that the contribution by fescue to the overall dry-matter yield was severely restricted by perennial ryegrass. There were no deaths of fescue plants during the experimental period (which included an overwintered treatment). The depression in yield was rather a result of a marked decrease in size and weight of the individual plants, brought about by competition for light and nutrients from the faster-growing ryegrass.

Notes: The nutrient status of soils surrounding ten snow petrel Pagodroma nivea nests was investigated by sampling along four transects (One up-slope and three down-slope) from each nest. The highest levels for total N and P.% C. nitrite and ammonia (but not nitrate) were associated with the nest itself. Elevated levels of all nutrients still occurred at I m from the nest but dropped to levels similar to those of non-bird influenced soils at 2 m or 5 m from the nest. Highest bacterial and algal numbers were also associated with the nest. An experiment to examine the breakdown of guano showed nitrification levels to be insignificant and nutrient release levels very slow.

Notes: Private companies become like public agencies because competition for contracts is keen and they must be perceived by the contacting agent, government, as being agreeable with the government's demands in order to be contracted with again. Government makes suggestions, sets requirements, and provides recommendations to private companies which, over time, cause the private companies/facilities to look more and more like government agencies – and company managers are left pressed between their need to re-contract and the business instincts and acumen for which they’ve presumably been contracted with in the first place.This paper will briefly visit the common arguments for and against privatization. Additionally, the results of a limited study of the effect of publicization on private prison companies operating nationally in the US will be examined.

Notes: The responses to salt stress in NFT (nutrient film) hydroponics of ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat and a number of its aneuploids involving the chromosomes of homoeologous group 5 were studied. This showed that the absence of chromosome 5D allowed plants to survive better than in the euploid condition. Much of this response could be related to the effects of Vrn3, which conditions the spring habit of ‘Chinese Spring’. The ability to survive relatively high levels of stress was promoted by the group 5 homoeologue from Thinopyrum bessarabicum.

Notes: To test for the association of the eyespot of wheat cv. ‘Cappelle-Desprez’ with the structural gene encoding the isozyme Ep-A1, F3, families from the cross ‘Cappelle-Desprez’ (resistant) X ‘Chinese Spring’ (susceptible) were selected on the basis of endopeptidase phenotype. Analysis of eyespot reaction showed that Ep-Alb homozygotes were associated with a higher level of resistance than Ep-Al a homozygotes. Thus selection of the Ep-Alb allelc should assure concurrent selection of at least a part of the eyespot resistance of ‘Cappelle-Desprez’.

Notes: A whole-plant method for screening chrysanthemum cultivars for resistance to white rust is described. Of 270 cultivars of the florists’ chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum sinense Sabine) tested, 93 showed some infection. According to the severity of infection these were rated as susceptible, moderately susceptible, resistant and very resistant. The remaining two thirds were rated as practically immune or immune.

Notes: Eupatorium adenophorum is a weed of coastal areas of eastern Australia. An account of the history of its introduction and spread is given and its distribution is described. Experiments showed that the seeds have a low percentage viability which may be related to their development by apomixis. The viable seeds have a germination requirement for light which, together with their small size, restricts the invasive power of the species. Seedlings display a degree of tolerance to shading to 10% daylight which is regarded as a useful attribute in competition with other colonizing plants. The period of maximum vegetative growth of established plants occurs when competition from summer pastures is declining in late summer and autumn.The necessity for mechanical control procedures to uproot crowns to prevent regrowth is demonstrated in a regeneration experiment. It is concluded that the species does not represent a threat to densely covered pastures and that the establishment of improved pastures is the main remaining limitation to E. adenophorum control. L'autécologie d'Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng) en AustralieL'Eupatorium adenophorum est une plante du littoral de l'Australie orientale. Les auteurs donnent un aperçu de l'histoire de son introduction; sa dissimination est indiquée et sa distribution décrite. Les expériences ont montré que les semences n'avaient qu'un faible pourcentage de viabilité qui peut être en relation avec leur développement par apoximis. Les semences viables ont des besoins en lumière qui, avec leur petite taille, restreignent le pouvoir d'invasion des espèces. Les plantules manifestent un degréde tolérance à l'ombrage à 10% de la lumière du jour, ce qui est considéré comme une propriété favorable à la compétition avec d'autres plantes colonisantes. La période de la croissance végétative maximale des plantes établies se situe lorsque la compétition des prairies d'été est en décroissance, à la fin de l'rété et en automne.La nécessité d'utiliser des moyens mécaniques pour prévenir la repousse des couronnes de racines est démontrée dans une experience de régénération. II en est conclu que les espèces ne représentent pas une menace pour les pâtures à couverture dense et que l'établissement des prairies artificielles reste la principale limitation à la lutte contre Eupatorium adenophorum.Ein Beitrag zur Ökologie von Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. in Australien Eupatorium adenophorum kommt als Unkraut in den Küsten-regionen Ost-Australiens vor. Die Geschichte der Einsch-leppung und Ausbrietung wird dargestellt und das Vorkommen beschrieben. Versuche zeigten, dass nur ein geringer Prozentsatz der Samen lebensfähig ist, was mit ihrer apomiktischen Entstehung zusammenhängen dürfte. Die lebens-fähigen Samen brauchen Licht zur Keimung, was zusammen mit ihrer geringen Grösse die Verbreitung der Art behindert. Keimlinge hatten eine Schattenverträglichkeit bis 10% des vollen [Tageslichtes, was als nützliche Eigenschaft für die Konkurrenz mit andered angesiedelten Pflanzen angesehen wird. Das starkste vegetative Wachstum der vorhandenen Pflanzen tritt ein, wenn die Konkurrenz der Weidepflanzen im Spätsommer und Herbst abnimmt.In einem Austriebsversuch konnte gezeigt weden, dasses bei mechanischen Bekämpfungsverfahren notwendig ist, die Schösslinge zu entwurseln (auszureissen), um den Wieder-austrieb zu verhindern. Es wird gefolgert, dass die Art für dicht Weidebestände keine Gefahr darstellt und die Verbes-serung der Weiden die vielversprechendste Massnahme zur Bekämpfung von Eupatorium adenophorum ist.

Notes: The amphiploid between bread wheat cv. ‘Chinese Spring’ and sand couch grass Thinopyrum bessarabicum is tolerant of salinity stress under long daylengths, but is extremely late-flowering and grows poorly under short daylength conditions. A newly synthesized amphiploid between the inter-varietal single chromosome substitution line carrying chromosome 2D of the photoinsensitive cultivar ‘Ciano 67’ in a ‘Chinese Spring’ background and the same accession of Th. bessarabicum is photoinsensitive and is more tolerant of salinity stress under short daylengths, both in terms of decreased ionic uptake and in showing less damage to a range of agronomic characters. The genetic basis of this difference is probably due to the presence in this genotype of both Ppdl and to allelic differences between the Thinopyrum gametes involved in the two amphiploids.