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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Graphite-epoxy cross-ply laminates generally show multiple fracture of the transverse ply at higher applied stress. This phenomenon is described by means of a Monte Carlo simulation method based on the assumption that the strength of the transverse ply obeys a two-parameter Weibull distribution function. The main results show that the smaller the scatter of strength of the 90°-ply (i.e. the larger the shape parameter at a constant mean strength of the Weibull distribution), the higher becomes the threshold for the multiple fracture to occur, and the more rapidly the length of 90°-ply segments decreases with increasing applied stress once multiple fracture takes place. The methods to determine the shape and scale parameters of the Weibull distribution for the strength of the 90°-ply proposed by Manderset al. and Peters are proved to be useful even for a small number of test specimens. When the interfacial bond strength between 0°- and 90°-plies is low, saturation of 90°-ply cracking occurs at higher applied stress. The stress-carrying capacity and stiffness of the composites as a whole are reduced by multiple fracture of the 90°-ply. This reduction is more pronounced at increasing applied stress or at a larger number of transverse cracks, especially when the interfacial bond strength is low.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 27 (1992), S. 4061-4069 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A Monte-Carlo simulation was carried out on the fracture behaviour of centre-notched unidirectional boron-aluminium composites assuming quasi self-similar notch extension. The main results obtained in this work are summarized as follows: (i) the experimental results for notched strength of Awerbuch and Hahn and those of Poe and Sova could be described well by the present simulation method; (ii) the notched strength decreased with increasing notch size for a fixed width of specimen and with increasing width of specimen for a fixed relative notch size; (iii) the semi-empirical failure criteria proposed by Waddoups, Eisenman and Kaminski, Whitney and Nuismer, and Mar and Lin could approximately describe the notched strength obtained by the present simulation method under limited conditions, despite the difference in basic concept between these models and the present method; and (iv) the characteristic lengths in the models of Waddoups, Eisenman and Kaminski, and Whitney and Nuismer, which were originally assumed to be material constants, were dependent on notch size and width of specimen. It was demonstrated that these characteristic lengths have a strong positive correlation with damage zone size.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Silver-sheathed Ba2YCu3O7-x superconducting composite wires and tapes were prepared by rolling, drawing, swaging and pressing methods. The fracture behaviour and its influence on critical current at O T at 77 K of the Ba2YCu3O7-x were investigated. The oxide was found to show multiple fracture under applied tensile stress, and the critical current density and tensile strength of the oxide in the rolled, swaged and pressed samples were higher than those in the drawn samples. When the working amount was high, the current density and the strength of the oxide were found to become high. Within the present conditions, there was a correlation between critical current density and cracking stress: the higher the cracking stress, the higher the critical current density became. The cracking stress of the present oxide was determined to be 50MPa at most, being far lower than that of the Nb3Sn compound (800 to 2000 MPa). The critical current density of the rolled, swaged and pressed samples was reduced rapidly when exerted stress on the oxide exceeded the cracking stress, while the reduction in the drawn samples occurred gradually. A strong dependence of the critical current, as a function of applied stress and cracking stress of the oxide, on the measured portion due to scatter in the size of defects contained in the oxide, was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 431-437 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hemocytes ; Hemolymph ; Phenoloxidase ; β-1,3-glucan ; Bombyx mori (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A monospecific antibody against β-1,3-glucan recognition protein (a 62 kDa protein) of the larval silkworm prophenoloxidase activating system was used to study the localization of the protein. Among tissues from 5th instar larvae, only hemocytes and plasma were shown to contain a 62 kDa polypeptide immunoreactive with the antibody. Ultra-thin sections of the hemocytes were stained by an indirect immunogold staining method. Labelling occurred in the granules and cytoplasm of granulocytes and in the spherules and cytoplasm of spherulocytes. It was most conspicuous in granules of granulocytes and uniformly labelled spherules of spherulocyte, whereas no labelling was evident in prohemocytes, plasmatocytes and oenocytoids. The results are discussed in relation to the mode of recognition of fungi as non-self in insect hemocoel.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: clear-cutting ; density change ; habitat ; Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Population responses of Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) to clear-cut logging and planted tree growth were studied by a direct count of the number observed in three areas, Takiyama (305 ha), Gentouziro (270 ha), and Tanokashira (324 ha), near Wakinosawa Village, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, during 1976–89. At Takiyama, a mature mixed forest ofThujopsis dolabrata var.hondai andFagus crenata decreased from 73 to 39% coverage of the area due to clear-cutting during 1978–83. The serow population maintained a relatively low stable density (3–6 individuals per km2) until 1985–87, and increased 5–10 years after the clear-cutting, reaching 9–10 km−2 in 1988. At Gentouziro and Tanokashira, young plantations of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) covered about half of each area. The population densities between 1980 and 1983 were relatively high (14–19 km−2), but declined thereafter, reaching 10–14 km−2 in 1988–89. These results indicated that the density increase resulted from an improvement of food supply due to growth of scrub following the clear-cutting, and that the density decline resulted from a habitat change due to growth of planted Japanese cedar and a decrease in the food supply. In Wakinosawa Village, serow density began to increase 5–10 years after forest cutting, and the high population density, about three- or six-fold larger than that in mature forest, is expected to be maintained for about 20 years after logging.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The tensile strength of unidirectional γ-alumina fibre-reinforced Al-5 mass% Cu alloy composite prepared by the casting method, increased with increasing temperature, reaching a peak value at about 500 K, and then decreased. The reason for this is discussed from the viewpoints of influence of ductility of the compound layer (CuAl2) adhering to the fibre surface on the strength of the fibre and the influence of the yield stress of the matrix on the strength of the composite, using a simplified model to calculate strain energy release rate of the fibre and the Monte Carlo simulation technique. Two main results were found. At room temperature, the premature fracture of the compound led to formation of a crack, which caused reduction in strength of the fibre and composite. The temperature dependence of strength of the present composite was considered to be controlled by the following competing factors: increase in ductility of the compound with increasing temperature which acts to raise the strength of the fibre and softening of the matrix which acts to reduce the strength of the composite. The reason why the strength of the composite increased with increasing temperature below 500 K, could be attributed to the predominance of the former factor over the latter one. However the reason why the strength of composite decreased with increasing temperature above 500 K could be attributed to the predominance of the latter factor over the former one.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 29 (1994), S. 2754-2760 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In order to calculate stress distribution in unidirectional discontinuous fibres embedded in a metal matrix, a method based on the shear-lag analysis was proposed. Using this method, the influence of fibre length, interfacial bonding strength, distance between fibre ends in the longitudinal direction, and applied strain to composite on both stress distribution and average stress of fibres was estimated for a number of examples.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 161 (1991), S. 141-146 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Temperature ; Acclimation ; Carp ; Myosin ; Myosin subfragment-1 ; ATPase activity ; Thermostability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 (S1) was prepared by α-chymotrypsin from myosin of carp acclimated to either 10°C or 30°C for a minimum of 5 weeks. The objective of these studies was to document thermally-induced changes in the myosin molecule and to extend previous observations. Ca2+- and K+ (EDTA)-ATPase activities of cold-acclimated carp S1 were 1.1 and 0.8 μmol Pi·min-1·mg-1, respectively, and these values did not differ significantly from those of warm-acclimated carp. The inactivation rate constant (KD) of S1 from cold-acclimated carp was 32.1x10-4· s-1, compared to 13.2x10-4·s-1 for warm-acclimated carp. The maximum initial velocity of acto-S1 Mg2+-ATPase activity at pH 7.0 in 0.05 M KCl was 9.3 s-1 with cold-acclimated carp, about 3.7 times higher than that for warm-acclimated carp. However, no significant difference was observed in the apparent affinity of S1 to actin. Peptides maps of the heavy chain of S1 were different and suggested distinct isoforms for the myosins from warm- and cold-acclimated muscle.
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