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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 93-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185647
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host plant suitability and the mechanism of host selection in larvae of Papilio machaon (1973)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 16 (1973), S. 232-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wirtspflanzeneignung und Wirtspflanzenbevorzugung (Präferenz) wurden an Larven von Papilio machaon unter Verwendung von vier Umbelliferen-Arten untersucht, von denen zwei, Angelica archangelica ssp. littoralis und Peucedanum palustre, die häufigsten Wirtspflanzen in Schweden sind, und zwei andere, nämlich Pastinaca sativa und Aegopodium podagraria, in der Natur selten befressen werden. Unter Berücksichtigung der Mortalität, der larvalen Entwicklungsrate und des mittleren Puppengewichts kann versuchsweise folgende Reihe der Wirtspflanzeneignung aufgestellt werden: 1. Peucedanum, 2. Angelica, 3. Pastinaca, 4. Aegopodium. Hinsichtlich der Präferenz machen frischgeschlüpfte Larven keinerlei Unterschiede zwischen diesen vier Pflanzenarten, während Larven des 3. Stadiums offensichtlich die Pflanzenart bevorzugen, auf welcher sie aufgezogen worden waren. Auf der Basis dieser ontogenetischen Präferenzverschiebung wird die Bedeutung der Wirtspräferenz bei der Wirtspflanzenwahl für die Evolution diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Host plant suitability and host plant preferences were investigated in larvae of Papilio machaon, using four umbelliferous plants, two of which are the most common host plants in Sweden, i.e. Angelica archangelica ssp. littoralis and Peucedanum palustre, and two of which are seldom fed upon in nature, namely Pastinaca sativa and Aegopodium podagraria. Judging from mortality, larval development rate and mean pupal weights, a tentative hierarchy of host plant suitability was as follows: 1) Peucedanum, 2) Angelica, 3) Pastinaca, 4) Aegopodium. Concerning preferences, newly hatched larvae showed no preferential discrimination between these four plant species, whereas 3rd-stage larvae apparently preferred the plant species upon which they had been reared. On the basis of this ontogenetic preference transformation, the evolutionary significance of plant preferences in host plant selection is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290696
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of ejaculate mass on female reproductive output in the european swallowtail butterfly,Papilio machaon (L.) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: fecundity ; fertility ; multiple matings ; spermatophores ; Papilio machaon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously, we showed that virgin males of Papilio machaondeliver ejaculates that are twice as big as any ejaculates they transfer at later matings. Here, we investigate the consequences of these two size classes of ejaculates on female reproductive output and demonstrate that females that received one small ejaculate laid as many eggs, fertilized the same proportion of eggs, and lived as long as those that had received one big ejaculate. However, females that received big ejaculates laid heavier eggs, but only between the twelfth and the fifteenth days of egg-laying. We conclude that male-derived nutrients appear to have a limited effect on female reproductive output in P. machaonand that the large size of ejaculates delivered by male butterflies are determined primarily by selection on males to produce longer refractory periods in females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092549
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female mate choice and mating costs in the polyandrous butterflyPieris napi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1994), S. 355-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: butterfly ; mating behavior ; polyandry ; ejaculate ; mating costs ; female choice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the green-veined white butterfly (Pieris napi L.) transfer large ejaculates that represent on average 15% of their body mass when mating for a first time. Shortly after mating a male is able to transfer only a small ejaculate when mating a second time. Male ejaculate production plays a crucial role in the mating system ofP. napi because females use male-derived nutrients for egg production and somatic maintenance. Here we study how timing of female rematings and copulation duration are influenced by the mating history of their mates and, also, study if females exert mate choice to minimize their mating costs. Mating with a recently mated male increased female mating costs by increasing time in copula and mating frequency. Virgin females that mated with virgin males remated after an average of 6 days, whereas virgin females that mated with recently mated males remated after an average of 2 days. Moreover, copulations involving recently mated males lasted on average almost 7 h, whereas copulations involving virgin males lasted on average 2 h. Recently mated males were eager to remate, in spite of the fact that the size of the ejaculate they transfer is small and that they remain in copula for a long time. Hence it seems that males are more successful in the sexual conflict over mating decisions and that females do not minimize mating costs by choosing to mate preferentially with virgin males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989364
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition preferences in Papilio machaon in relation to the host plants of the larvae (1974)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 17 (1974), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Hopkins' Wirtswahlprinzip, der Theorie des “Larvengedächtnisses”, muss eine Art Erinnerung an die larvale Nahrung die Weibchen von phytophagen · Insekten vorbestimmen, die Eiablage an der gleichen Pflanzenart zu vollziehen, an der sie als Larve gefressen haben. Um die Gültigkeit dieses Prinzips zu beweisen, wurden Larven von Papilio machaon, Nachkommen eines Weibchens, an vier Umbelliferenarten aufgezogen, von denen zwei die vorherrschenden Wirtspflanzen in Schweden sind, Peucedanum palustre und Angelica archangelica ssp. littoralis, die beiden anderen dagegen in der Natur nur selten befallen werden, nämlich Pastinaca sativa und Aegopodium podagraria. Die jeweils an einer Wirtspflanze grossgezogenen Männchen und Weibchen wurden einzeln gepaart; darnach wurden die Weibchen einzeln auf Eiablagepräferenz getestet. Nach den Befunden war in keinem Fall die Eiablagepräferenz der Weibchen wesentlich beeinflusst durch die Larvennahrung (Abb. 1–5). Folglich trifft Hopkins' Prinzip für Papilio machaon (bzw. für die verwendete Versuchstierauswahl) nicht zu. Somit wird die adulte Eiablagepräferenz und die larvale Wirtspflanzenpräferenz durch genetische Faktoren bestimmt; da jedoch der Wirtspflanzenkreis der Larven nicht ganz identisch mit dem Eiablage-Pflanzenkreis ist, wird gefolgert, dass vermutlich zwei getrennte, unabhängige Gen-Komplexe die Beziehung Falter/Pflanze einerseits und Larve/Pflanze andererseits bestimmen.
    Notes: Abstract Hopkins' host selection principle postulates that a memory of the larval food predisposes the adult females of phytophagous insects to oviposit on the same plant species as that upon which they themselves had fed. To test the validity of this principle, the larval progeny of a female of Papilio machaon was reared on four umbelliferous host plants, after which the adult females were tested for oviposition preferences. The results show that in no case had the oviposition preferences of the females been influenced substantially by the larval food. The evolutionary significance of the results is discussed, leading to the hypothesis that the host plant range of larvae and adults, respectively, is genetically determined by two independent gene complexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335875
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptive variation in growth rate: life history costs and consequences in the speckled wood butterfly,Pararge aegeria (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 99 (1994), S. 281-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Physiological trade-off ; Size and age at maturity ; Starvation ; Longevity ; Satyrinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An important assumption made in most lifehistory theory is that there is a trade-off between age and size at reproduction. This trade-off may, however, disappear if growth rate varies adaptively. The fact that individuals do not always grow at the maximum rate can only be understood if high growth rates carry a cost. This study investigates the presence and nature of such costs inPararge aegeria. Five females from two populations with known differences in life history (south Sweden and Maderia) were allowed to oviposit in the laboratory and their offspring were reared in environmental chambers under conditions leading to direct development. We measured several aspects of life history, including development times, pupal and adult weights, growth rate, female fecundity, longevity and larval starvation endurance. In both populations there seemed to be genetic variation in growth rate. There was no evidence for a trade-off between age and size at pupation. As predicted, larvae with high growth rates also lost weight at a relatively higher rate during starvation. High weight-loss rates were furthermore associated with a lower probability of surviving when food became available again. This is apparently the first physiological trade-off with growth rate that has been experimentally demonstrated. In both populations there were significant differences in growth rate between the sexes, but the populations differed in which sex was growing at the highest rate. In Sweden males had higher growth rates than females, whereas the reverse was true for Madeira. These patterns most likely reflect differences in selection for protandry, in turn caused by differences in seasonality between Sweden and Madeira. Together with the finding that males had shorter average longevity than females in the Swedish, but not in the Maderiran, population, this indicates that a lower adult quality also may be a cost of high growth rate. We argue that for the understanding of life history variation it is necessary to consider not only the two dimensions of age and size, but also to take into full account the triangular nature of the relationship between size, time and growth rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00627740
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyandry and its effect on female reproduction in the green-veined white butterfly (Pieris napi L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 33 (1993), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In many insects nutrients transferred by the male to the female at mating are later incorporated into both the eggs and soma of the mated females. Accordingly, it has been suggested that female insects can use these male-derived nutrients both for somatic maintenance and to increase both the number and quality of their offspring. Moreover, much discussion is presently devoted to whether the male nuptial gift represents paternal investment, defined as “any increase in given male's total surviving progeny by increasing the reproductive output by a given female”, or mating effort which obtains “if a male gains by increasing the proportion of eggs he fertilizes from a given female” (Parker and Simmons 1989). If the male nuptial gift represents parental investment it should be expected to benefit predominantly the offspring sired by the donor, whereas the “physiological fate” of the male nuptial gift is somewhat irrelevant under the mating effort explanation. In this paper we test these issues by studying the lifetime fecundity, egg weights and longevity of two groups of females of the polyandrous green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi, one group of which was allowed to mate only once and the other of which was allowed to mate at liberty, the latter group of females mating on average 2.28 times. Moreover, to test the incorporation rate of male-derived nutrients, we performed a second set of experiments where females were allowed to mate with radioactively labelled males. The results showed that polyandrous females had higher lifetime fecundity compared to monandrous females, laying on average 1.61 as many eggs, and that the difference in cumulative fecundity between the two groups was statistically significant from the 5th day of egg-laying onwards. Polyandrous females also lived longer and maintained egg weight at a high level for longer than monandrous females. Largely concomitant with egg-laying rate, incorporation rate of male-derived nutrients peaked 3–4 days after mating, subsequently tapering off to stabilize at about 40% of the maximum. Given the opportunity, female P. napi remated after 3–5 days, the duration of the refractory period being positively correlated with ejaculate mass. Hence, although the nutrient investment of the first male to mate with a female “subsidizes” the progeny of later-mating males, the male nuptial gift in P. napi clearly qualifies as both paternal investment and mating effort.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164343
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyandrous female butterflies forage for matings (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 385-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Mating frequency ; Butterfly ; Ejaculate ; Pieris napi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Butterfly mating systems exhibit great variation and range from strict monandry to strong polyandry. During mating males transfer ejaculates containing both sperm and accessory substances to females. In the polyandrous green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) these ejaculates average 15% of male body mass, but can represent up to 23% of body mass for individual males. Hence, mating is costly to males, and recently mated males increase copula duration but decrease ejaculate mass transferred to females. Substances transferred to females during mating are later incorporated into female soma and reproductive tissues, and multiply mated female butterflies have higher lifetime fecundity, lay proportionately larger eggs, and live longer compared to once mated females. Here we report that females of P. napi allowed to mate at liberty with recently mated males only (i.e. males that delivered a small ejaculate) increased their lifetime number of matings compared to females allowed to mate with virgin males only (i.e. males that delivered large ejaculates), the former group mating on average 5.1 times (range 2–10) and the latter group mating on average 2.8 times (range 1–4). The lifetime fecundity of the two groups of females did not differ significantly. Because nutrient donation from males is essential for females to realize their potential fecundity, we conclude that females of the polyandrous green-veined white actively forage for matings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165840
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyandrous female butterflies forage for matings (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 385-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Mating frequency ; Butterfly ; Ejaculate ; Pieris napi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Butterfly mating systems exhibit great variation and range from strict monandry to strong polyandry. During mating males transfer ejaculates containing both sperm and accessory substances to females. In the polyandrous green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) these ejaculates average 15% of male body mass, but can represent up to 23% of body mass for individual males. Hence, mating is costly to males, and recently mated males increase copula duration but decrease ejaculate mass transferred to females. Substances transferred to females during mating are later incorporated into female soma and reproductive tissues, and multiply mated female butterflies have higher lifetime fecundity, lay proportionately larger eggs, and live longer compared to once mated females. Here we report that females of P. napi allowed to mate at liberty with recently mated males only (i.e. males that delivered a small ejaculate) increased their lifetime number of matings compared to females allowed to mate with virgin males only (i.e. males that delivered large ejaculates), the former group mating on average 5.1 times (range 2–10) and the latter group mating on average 2.8 times (range 1–4). The lifetime fecundity of the two groups of females did not differ significantly. Because nutrient donation from males is essential for females to realize their potential fecundity, we conclude that females of the polyandrous green-veined white actively forage for matings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165840
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Offspring protection by merlin Falco columbarius females; the importance of brood size and expected offspring survival for defense of young (1990)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 26 (1990), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nest predation was simulated by presenting a stuffed raven close to nests of merlins. This was done to examine the influence of brood size related factors on female defence intensity. The original clutch size did not affect nest defense after hatching, but brood size was important. It determined the attack frequency and, for each brood size level, the proportion of attacking females. When brood sizes were manipulated, the defense intensity increased and decreased, respectively, in relation to the size of the brood. In addition, broods with high future survival (first broods) were defended more vigorously than broods with low future survival (replacement broods). Hence, expected benefits in terms of fledgling production and chick survival seem to be important determinants of female investment in offspring protection. The lower predation rate among females responding with overt aggression to the raven compared to that of less aggressive females suggests that defence of young is beneficial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172089
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