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  • Articles  (34)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (34)
  • 1990-1994  (31)
  • 1970-1974  (3)
  • Biology  (34)
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  • Articles  (34)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sexuelle Fortpflanzung und Gameten-Lockstoffe bei Braunalgen (1974)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 4 (1974), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 16 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19740040402
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colloidal carriers for intravenous drug targeting: Plasma protein adsorption patterns on surface-modified latex particles evaluated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 14 (1993), S. 1382-1387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Targeting to specific sites of the body via colloidal carriers is sought in order to reduce drug side effects. The adsorption of plasma proteins on intravenously injected particles is regarded as the key factor in explaining their organ distribution: total bound protein, or, more likely, the presence of specific proteins and their conformation, are expected to influence macrophage uptake. Polystyrene beads, 60 nm in diameter, were used as model carriers; their surface was differentially modified by adsorption of increasingly hydrophilic block copolymers, poloxamers 184, 188 and 407. After incubation in plasma, the patterns of protein adsorption onto coated beads were analyzed by high-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). The behavior of some representative proteins was monitored, including albumin, fibrinogen, IgG, factor B and the apolipoproteins, A-I, A-IV, C-III, E and J. The more hydrophobic the particles, the larger the total amount of bound protein. However, this correlation was not valid for all of the analyzed protein species, which proves that it is insufficient to look only at physico-chemical data to predict organ distribution. On the contrary, it is essential to use 2-D PAGE to establish the correlation between adsorbed proteins and carrier behavior in vivo.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.11501401214
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogeny of the limb skeleton in Alligator mississippiensis: Developmental invariance and change in the evolution of archosaur limbs (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 203 (1990), S. 151-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Crocodilians and birds are the extant representatives of a monophyletic taxon known as archosaurs. Their limbs are highly derived in terms of reduction in number of skeletal elements in both the carpus and the tarsus. It is necessary to have a detailed description of crocodilian limb ontogeny to address the evolutionary issue dealing with the origin and organization of the avian limb. In this paper, we present an analysis of the early development of the crocodilian limb skeleton. Contrasting with earlier observations, we redefine the number and composition of carpal, tarsal, and phalangeal elements. This ontogenetic information is then used to introduce a revision of the homologies of the skeletal elements in the crocodilian limb. Some invariances are pointed out in the developmental organization of tetrapod limbs and this evidence serves to readdress several issues concerning the evolution of the avian limb. We present further embryological data in support of the hypothesis that digits 2-3-4 are the components of the wing skeleton in birds. In general, our comparative survey indicates that the elements that appear late in ontogeny are the ones lost in phylogeny. By comparing turtle (primitive) limb development with crocodilian and bird development, we propose a hypothesis in which the derived skeletal patterns found in crocodilians and birds have originated by a heterochronic process of paedomorphosis.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052030204
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural and experimental reduction of the avian fibula: Developmental thresholds and evolutionary constraint (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 269-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fibula reduction is a key feature of avian limb evolution. In a combined comparative and experimental approach the present study analyses the trends of fibula reduction in extant birds and their developmental basis. The study of 55 species of birds reveals four different types of tibiotarsus-to-fibula relationships. Extremely small fibulae are associated with two types of limb modification: (1) elongations of the limb primarily affect the tibiotarsus, increasing its length more than that of the fibula; (2) miniaturizations of the limb reduce both tibiotarsus and fibula length, but are reglarly associated with structural reductions of the distal parts of the fibula. True structrual reductions are distinguished from relative size reductions. The specific features of fibula reduction are analyzed through experimental mesenchyme excisions in chick limb buds. The methodical variation of experimental parameters resolves a long-standing controversy about the effects of mesenchyme reductions on the patterns of skeletal formation. Mesenchyme excisions are shown to have unequal effects on the two zeugopod bones, affecting the fibula to a greater degree than the tibiotarsus. Several of the features seen in birds with advanced fibula reductions are paralleled by the effects of mesenchyme reductions. The consequences of this differential susceptibility of the skeletal blastemata are discussed both in terms of pattern formation in limb development and in terms of its bearing on the patterns of evolutionary limb reduction. It is concluded that thresholds of cell number and blastema size in development constrain the patterns of phenotypic variation in avian limbs. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052140304
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic analysis of microbial sulfate reduction by desulfovibrio desulfuricans in an anaerobic upflow porous media biofilm reactor (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 43 (1994), S. 267-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: microbial souring ; sulfate reduction ; porous media ; kinetics ; stoichiometry ; transport phenomena ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An anaerobic upflow porous media biofilm reactor was designed to study the kinetics and stoichiometry of hydrogen sulfide production by the sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (ATCC 5575) as the first step for the modeling and control of formation souring (H2S) in oil field porous media. The reactor was a packed bed (50 × 5.5 cm) tubular reactor. Sea sand (140 to 375 μm) was used as the porous media. The initial indication of souring was the appearance of well-separated black spots (precipitates of iron sulfide) in the sand bed. The blackened zones expanded radially and upward through the column. New spots also appeared and expanded into the cone shapes. Lactate (substrate) was depleted and hydrogen sulfide appeared in the effluent.Analysis of the pseudo-steady state column shows that there were concentration gradients for lactate and hydrogen sulfide along the column. The results indicate that most of the lactate was consumed at the front part of the column. Measurements of SRB biomass on the solid phase (sand) and in the liquid phase indicate that the maximum concentration of SRB biomass resided at the front part of the column while the maximum in the liquid phase occurred further downstream. The stoichiometry regarding lactate consumption and hydrogen sulfide production observed in the porous media reactor was different from that in a chemostat. After analyzing the radial dispersion coefficient for the SRB in porous media and kinetics of microbial growth, it was deduced that transport phenomena dominate the souring process in our porous media reactor system. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260430402
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activation of microcarrier-attached lymphocytes in microgravity (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 991-996 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: lymphocytes ; space biology ; bioprocessing in space ; interferon ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A technology has been developed to achieve optimal attachment of adhesion-independent lymphocytes to microcarrier beads. The activation of T-lymphocytes by concanavalin A was tested under microgravity conditions in an experiment carried out in space during the first Spacelab Life Science Mission. Activation, measured as the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the production of interferon-gamma, more than doubled in attached lymphocytes in microgravity. The depression of the activation discovered in previous space experiments is due to an impairment not of the lymphocyte but of the macrophage function. The system described here may be useful for radiobiological investigations on the effect of high-energy particles and for testing the efficiency of the immune system in humans during the long-duration space flight planned in the future. The biotechnological significance of the increased lymphokine production in space remains to be assessed. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260400815
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real and pseudo oxygen gradients in Ca-alginate beads monitored during polarographic Po2-measurements using Pt-needle microelectrodes (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 44 (1994), S. 617-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: oxygen profiles ; oxygen microprobe ; Po2-microelectrode ; artifacts ; alginate beads ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polarographic microcoaxial needle electrodes were used to measure internal profiles of dissolved oxygen tension (Po2) within single Ca-alginate beads of different diameter containing entrapped cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For the investigations, single beads coming from variable growing conditions and distinct cultivation stages were fixed in a special holding device. In dependence on microbial growth steep oxygen gradients were observed. The Oxygen penetration depth at steady state lay between 50 and 100 μm. After 8 h of cultivation time, the anaerobic space within the beads (φ 2 mm; cultivation in a packed bed reactor) is beginning at ∼ 130 μm, whereas the anaerobic space within the beads (φ 2 mm) coming from the shaker flask culture is located ∼440 μm below the bead surface. Surprisingly, steep gradients were also observed, when recording profiles from cell-free Ca-alginate beads of different diameter and alginate concentrations. The steep oxygen gradients apparently had to be interpreted as pseudo-Po2-gradients. These results were borne by several effects, such as formation of artifacts and diffusion barriers in front of the electrode tip or oxygen “availability” at the tip and consumption of oxygen by the electrode itself. These phenomena could be documented by microscopic observation and photography. Thus, to obtain real Po2-profiles it is important to be exactly informed about the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the material to be investigated. Furthermore, it is necessary to apply a special stepwise puncture technique with distinct step-in/step-out movements of the electrode: e.g., unidirectional or contradirectional puncture techniques. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260440508
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Invertase-catalyzed reactions in alcoholic solutions (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 35 (1990), S. 1006-1010 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The formation of alkyl β-D-fructofuranosides by invertase from sucrose in aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, or n-propanol is studied for the dependence on alcohol and invertase concentrations as well as on reaction time. The yield of alkyl β-D-fructosides is shown to be controlled by three competitive reactions: the alcoholysis of sucrose, the hydrolysis of sucrose, and the hydrolysis of alkyl β-D-fructosides. Both the conversion rate of sucrose and the fraction of alkyl β-D-fructosides in the product mixture are dependent on the chain length of the alcohols. They decrease in the sequence methanol 〉 ethanol 〉 n-propanol. Alkyl β-D-fructosides are also formed by invertase starting from alcoholic solutions of fructose.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260351008
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic investigation of microbial souring in porous media using microbial consortia from oil reservoirs (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 44 (1994), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: microbial souring ; sulfate reduction ; porous media ; kinetics ; biotransformation ; oil reservoir ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microbial souring (H2S production) in porous media was investigated in an anaerobic upflow porous media reactor at 60°C using microbial consortia obtained from oil reservoirs. Multiple carbon sources (formate, acetate, propionate, iso- and n-butyrates) found in reservoir waters as well as sulfate as the electron acceptor was used. Kinetics and rates of souring in the reactor system were analyzed. Higher volumetric substrate consumption rates (organic acids and sulfate) and a higher volumetric H2S production rate were found at the from part of the reactor column after H2S production had stabilized. Concentration gradients for the substrates (organic acids and sulfate) and H2S were generated along the column. Biomass accumulation throughout the entire column was observed. The average specific sulfate reduction rate (H2S production rate) in the present reactor after H2S production had stabilized was calculated to be 11062 ±2.22 mg sulfate-S/day g biomass. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260440302
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of initial events in bacterial surface colonization by two Pseudomonas species using image analysis (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 39 (1992), S. 1161-1170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: bacterial colonization ; kinetic rates ; solidwater interfaces ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; image analysis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The processes leading to bacterial colonization on solidwater interfaces are adsorption, desorption, growth, and erosion. These processes have been measured individually in situ in a flowing system in real time using image analysis. Four different substrata (copper, silicon, 316 stainless-steel and glass) and 2 different bacterial species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens) were used in the experiments. The flow was laminar (Re = 1.4) and the shear stress was kept constant during all experiments at 0.75 N m-2. The surface roughness varied among the substrata from 0.002 μm (for silicon) to 0.015 μm (for copper). Surface free energies varied from 25.1 dynes cm-1 for silicon to 31.2 dynes cm-1 for copper. Cell curface hydrophobicity, reported as hydrocarbon partitioning values, ranged from 0.67 for Ps. fluorescens to 0.97 for Ps. aeruginosa.The adsorption rate coefficient varried by as much as a factor of 10 among the combinations of bacterial strain and substratum material, and was positively correlated with surface free energy, the surface roughness of the substratum, and the hydrophobicity of the cells. The probability of desorption decreased with increasing surface free energy and surface roughness of the substratum. Cell growth was inhibited on copper, but replication of cells overlying an initial cell layer was observed with increased exposure time to the cell-containing bulk water. A mathematical model describing cell accumulation on a substratum is presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260391113
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