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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thin film polyaniline-polyaniline electrochemical cells (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 23 (1993), S. 1031-1038 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrodeposited polyaniline (PANT) in the emeraldine oxidation state was used as the electrodes of open rechargeable cells containing 1 m HClO4 as the electrolyte. The cells could be charged at very high hourly rates to 85% of the redox charge in the leucoemeraldine-emeraldine transition of the polymer. Contrary to normal behaviour of rechargeable cells, the coulombic efficiency improved with increasing rates of charge injection and withdrawal. This is attributed to less charge being dissipated by self-discharge at high rates of discharge. The poor charge retention was caused by reactions between the charged electrodes and their environment. The decrease in cell voltage on standing may also be induced by internal redox reactions of PANT of different oxidation states present at the electrodes as a result of incomplete oxidation or reduction during cell operation. Ultraviolet (u.v.) spectroscopy of the charged electrodes identified mostly protonated leucoemeraldine at the negative electrode and pernigraniline at the positive electrode. The irreversibility in the oxidation from the emeraldine state to the pernigraniline state accounts mostly for the degeneration of cell performance after prolonged cycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266125
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A polyaniline and Nafion® composite film as a rechargeable battery (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 22 (1992), S. 512-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The charge-discharge characteristics of polyaniline (PAn)-Nafion®-PAn composite films used as rechargeable batteries were investigated. The batteries were formed chemically by sandwiching Nafion® between two thin layers of PAn-Nafion® composite in equilibrium with various electrolytes. It was found that cells with LiClO4 in propylene carbonate as electrolyte showed the highest capacity. The charge and discharge performance of the battery was almost independent of the choice of anions but was significantly affected by cation size. This may indicate that the insertion or removal of charge-compensating electrolyte cations from the composite layer was responsible for the redox of PAn during the charge and discharge cycles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024090
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rechargeable thin film batteries of polypyrrole and polyaniline (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 22 (1992), S. 738-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Thin films of polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANi) were electrochemically deposited on stainless steel substrate under potentiostatic control. Secondary batteries were assembled using these polymers as active electrode materials and propylene carbonate (PC) solutions of tetraethyl ammonium perchlorate (TEAP) as the electrolyte. In repeated charge and discharge tests, the all PANi cells performed better than the PPy-PANi cells in voltage characteristics, recyclability, charge retention and coulombic efficiency. There appears to be an optimum charging current for the polymer cells and charging the cells at rates notably different from the optimum value reduced the cell performance substantially. It is suggested that the cells operate under kinetic control and charging at extreme rates either reduces the participation of polymer redox in the overall cell operation or produces mass transfer limitations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01027503
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoconductivity in a photocrosslinkable second-order nonlinear optical polymer (1991)
    Springer
    Applied physics 53 (1991), S. 279-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 72.40 ; 78.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photoconductivity measurements on a stable photocrosslinkable nonlinear optical polymer — PVCN (polyvinylcinnamate)/CNNB-R (3-cinnamoyloxy-4-[4-N,N-diethylamino)-2-cinnamoyloxy phenylazo] nitrobenzene) are reported. Photoconductivity in this polymer system, in both crosslinked and uncrosslinked states, was observed without introducing any sensitizer or carrier-transport agents. Absorption of CNNB-R (λpeak=518 nm) results in photocarrier generation and it is conjectured that CNNB-R also plays a role in the carrier transport. Such polymers are candidate materials for photorefraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331814
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalytic CO oxidation over manganese-containing perovskites (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 19 (1991), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mixed metal oxides are discussed as possible substitutes for noble metals in automobile catalytic converters. The catalytic activity for CO oxidation of LaMnO3 and La0.5Sr0.5MnO3 catalysts was examined. The ability of these catalysts to provide lattice oxygen and to sustain the oxidation reaction, even in the absence of molecular oxygen, has been confirmed. Measurements were performed of the reversible oxygen uptake on the two catalysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401304
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal analysis of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 26 (1991), S. 4787-4794 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C∶H) films were produced from propane and argon by an inductively coupled radio frequency (r.f.) glow discharge process under a particular deposition condition. Thermal analysis for the deposit by GC, DSC, DTA, and TG gave information for the structural changes upon heating. Most C-H vibration spectra disappeared by heating up to 600 °C. The gas desorption began above 300 °C and reached maxima above 650 °C with several peaks. The desorption reaction was endothermic. Up to 600 °C the desorbed gases was not the hydrogen. The large weight change was observed without the thickness reduction. The weight change rate was maximum at 480 °C. Hydrocarbons are believed to desorb below 600 °C. A hydrocarbon desorption model is suggested. Hydrocarbons are formed in the inner surface of a microvoid and effuse out through the interconnected microvoids in the column boundaries. The proposed desorption reaction is also endothermic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612418
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth, structure and electrical characteristics of epitaxial nickel silicide from chemically electroless Ni deposition on Si (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 25 (1990), S. 2637-2641 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The epitaxial NiSi2 has been successfully grown on (100) and (111) silicon single crystals by chemical electroless deposition and isothermal annealing for the first time. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to study the structure and orientation relationship of the films and substrates. The nickel silicide formed on both (100) and (111) Si substrates was identified to be NiSi2 and was found to have epitaxial relationship with the substrates by bright field imaging and selected area diffraction pattern analysiS. Square, hexagonal and irregular dislocation networks were observed. The orientation relationships of silicide phase with respect to (100)Si substrate were identified to be (220)Si ∥ (220)NiSi2, (400)Si ∥ (400)NiSi2 and (001) Si ∥ (001)NiSi2. The orientation relationships of silicide phase with respect to (111)Si substrate were identified to be (220)Si ∥ (02¯2)NiSi2, (3¯11) Si ∥ (31¯1) NiSi2 and [1¯1¯4]Si ∥ [1¯1¯2]NiSi2. The average spacing of interfacial dislocations was about 90 nm for epitaxial silicide formed on (100)Si at 800° C, which is narrower than that on (111)Si. These spacings decreased with increasing annealing temperature. Sheet resistances were measured to be lower than that of poly-NiSi2 produced from electron gun evaporation with the same annealing condition. A linear relationship between resistivity and thickness was found and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00638071
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of annealing on the damage morphologies in BF 2 + ion implanted (1 0 0) silicon (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 26 (1991), S. 2603-2607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of annealing on the damage morphologies and impurity redistributions in BF 2 + ion implanted (1 0 0) silicon were studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) ion beam channelling technique. An amorphized silicon layer and a heavily-damaged crystal layer containing a high density of point-defect clusters, are formed on the silicon wafer by the ion implantation. SIMS depth profiles of both boron and fluorine are almost Gaussian distribution. Both furnace annealing and rapid thermal annealing cause recrystallization of the amorphized layer and formation of dislocation loop bands out of the point defects. SIMS depth profiles for both impurities show anomalous double peaks at the same depths. These facts suggest that the primary peak is due to the peak of the Gaussian distribution and the secondary peak due to the gettering effects of residual dislocation loop band.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545543
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of annealing on the damage morphologies in BF 2 + ion implanted (1 0 0) silicon (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 26 (1991), S. 2603-2607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of annealing on the damage morphologies and impurity redistributions in BF 2 + ion implanted (1 0 0) silicon were studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) ion beam channelling technique. An amorphized silicon layer and a heavily-damaged crystal layer containing a high density of point-defect clusters, are formed on the silicon wafer by the ion implantation. SIMS depth profiles of both boron and fluorine are almost Gaussian distribution. Both furnace annealing and rapid thermal annealing cause recrystallization of the amorphized layer and formation of dislocation loop bands out of the point defects. SIMS depth profiles for both impurities show anomalous double peaks at the same depths. These facts suggest that the primary peak is due to the peak of the Gaussian distribution and the secondary peak due to the gettering effects of residual dislocation loop band.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02387725
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactive deposition of ultrafine cobalt powders (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 29 (1994), S. 6495-6500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The particle size distributions of cobalt powders prepared by reactive deposition were examined and correlated with the deposition condition. In reactive deposition, a Co(OH)2 colloid layer was formed at the electrode surface upon reduction of dissolved oxygen. The colloid layer accelerated the decrease in interfacial Co2+ concentration and inhibited crystal growth of the metal, and was therefore instrumental in the formation of fine cobalt particles. The powders from reactive deposition were statistically a factor of two finer and of more uniform size distribution than those from normal electrodeposition. It was found that both the reactive deposition of cobalt powders and the reactive deposition of porous cobalt structures were driven by the same kinetic factors, namely the requirement of maintaining an effective presence of the Co(OH)2 colloid layer at the electrode surface. Hence a similar dependence on deposition conditions for both processes was obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354010
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