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  • 1
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    Unknown
    In:  Nature, Luxembourg, Inst. Electrical & Electronics Engineers, vol. 395, no. 6697, pp. 62-65, pp. B06303, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1998
    Keywords: Seismology ; hot ; spot ; Plate tectonics ; Surface waves ; Tomography ; Dispersion
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-10-09
    Description: Analyses of underground temperature measurements from 358 boreholes in eastern North America, central Europe, southern Africa, and Australia indicate that, in the 20th century, the average surface temperature of Earth has increased by about 0.5 degreesC and that the 20th century has been the warmest of the past five centuries. The subsurface temperatures also indicate that Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 1.0 degreesC over the past five centuries. The geothermal data offer an independent confirmation of the unusual character of 20th-century climate that has emerged from recent multiproxy studies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pollack -- Huang -- Shen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):279-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉H. N. Pollack and S. Huang, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1063, USA. P.-Y. Shen, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9765150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1998-06-05
    Description: Receiver functions derived from teleseismic body waves recorded by ocean-bottom seismometers on the southern East Pacific Rise reveal shear waves converted from compressional waves at the mantle discontinuities near 410- and 660-kilometer depth. The thickness of the mantle transition zone between the two discontinuities is normal relative to the global average and indicates that upwelling beneath the southern East Pacific Rise is not associated with an excess temperature in the mantle transition zone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shen -- Sheehan -- Dueker -- de Groot-Hedlin C -- Gilbert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1232-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Y. Shen, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. A. F. Sheehan, K. G. Dueker, H. Gilbert, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596570" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1998-06-05
    Description: The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves increase more rapidly with distance from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) axis than is predicted by models of conductive cooling of the lithosphere. Low velocities near the axis are probably caused by partial melt at depths of 20 to 70 kilometers in a zone several hundred kilometers wide. The lowest velocities are offset to the west of the EPR. Wave propagation is anisotropic; the fast direction is approximately perpendicular to the ridge, parallel to the spreading direction. Anisotropy increases from a minimum near the axis to 3 percent or more on the flanks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forsyth -- Webb -- Dorman -- Shen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1235-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉D. W. Forsyth, Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. S. C. Webb and L. M. Dorman, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Y. Shen, Woods Hole Ocea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596571" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1995-12-01
    Description: The role of natural selection in molecular evolution has been inferred primarily by rejection of null hypotheses based on neutral theory, rather than by acceptance of specific predictions based on selection. In this report, a population genetic test of a specific prediction for selection on DNA polymorphism is presented. Pyrethroid insecticide use constitutes an experiment for which form of selection and molecular target (voltage-gated sodium channels) are both known. As predicted, differential pyrethroid selection on tobacco budworm populations generated significant geographic heterogeneity in sodium channel marker allele frequencies, compared with arbitrary loci.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taylor, M F -- Shen, Y -- Kreitman, M E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Dec 1;270(5241):1497-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7491497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genes, Insect ; Genetic Markers ; Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moths/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Pyrethrins/pharmacology ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sodium Channels/*genetics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 1388-1398 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Experimental and numerical results are presented on the evolution of stresses and the accompanying changes in the overall curvatures due to the patterning of silicon oxide lines on silicon wafers and subsequent thermal loading. The finite element analysis involves a generalized plane strain formulation, which is capable of predicting the wafer curvatures in directions parallel and perpendicular to the lines, for both the patterning and thermal cycling operations. The predictions compare reasonably well with systematic curvature measurements for several different geometrical combinations of the thickness, width and spacing of the patterned lines. The non-uniform stress fields within the fine lines and the substrate are also analyzed. It is shown both experimentally and theoretically that certain geometries of patterned lines on the substrate induce dramatic shape changes and reversals of curvature in the direction perpendicular to the lines. The mechanistic origin of this effect is identified to be the Poisson effect arising from the anisotropic strain coupling in the patterned structure. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5030-5032 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effects in sandwiched Co/Cu/Co and Co/CuMn/Co structures have been investigated. The GMR oscillates with the spacer thickness for both cases, but is nearly antiphased. With diluted Mn atoms in the Cu spacer, the GMR curve as a function of the magnetic field changes a lot, and the saturation/switching field for GMR can be reduced greatly compared with that in Co/Cu/Co systems. This may indicate one way to obtain a highly sensitive GMR. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 2081-2083 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have fabricated and tested integrated magnetometers based on the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The magnetometer consists of two patterned films of YBa2Cu3O7, separated by an insulating layer of SrTiO3. A multiturn input coil was integrated on top of the SQUID, where the misorientation angle in a SrTiO3 bicrystal substrate was used to form the grain boundary junctions. The noise spectrum was characterized at 77 K and showed that above 10 Hz the magnetometer sensitivity is limited by a white noise level of around 4×10−5 Φ0/Hz1/2. In the 4 mm × 4 mm detection area of the input coil, this translates into a magnetic field sensitivity of 320 fT/ Hz1/2 at 100 Hz. Compared to the theoretical value of an optimized SQUID the white noise level of the magnetometer is two times higher. Below 10 Hz the noise is dominated by 1/f noise mainly due to the critical current fluctuations. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 1578-1581 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Numerical results are presented on the evolution of thermal stresses in metal interconnects. Finite element analyses are carried out for a series of parallel aluminum lines embedded within silicon dioxide. The effects of line aspect ratio on the longitudinal and hydrostatic stresses in lines are investigated, for various spaces between lines. Comparisons with the results based on an isolated line under passivation are also made. It is shown that, contrary to what was frequently found by employing the single-line approach, maximum stresses in periodically arranged aluminum lines do not occur when the line width and the line height are approximately equal. The variation of stresses with line aspect ratio is affected by the spacing between lines. Implications of the present findings to the modeling of stresses and to the damage evolution through void formation are discussed. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 5525-5530 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Three-dimensional analyses of stresses and deformation in metal interconnects were carried out using the finite element method within the continuum framework. Particular attention is devoted to the preexisting local debond between the metal line and dielectric, which serves as the void nucleation site. Thermal mismatch induced stresses in the aluminum line near the interface defect are considered. The local reduction of stresses as well as the stress gradient along the line are quantified for various debond sizes. It is found that, for aluminum lines with an aspect ratio of unity, the influence of local debond on the stress profile along the line direction becomes negligible in regions greater than about one line height away from the debond edge. A unique stress pattern due to the preexisting debond is identified, which forms the basis of constructing a void nucleation model in terms of crystallographic slip. This three-dimensional modeling provides quantitative information on the initial stress field useful for modeling stress and electromigration induced voiding; it also confirms the qualitative features of stress evolution obtained from a previous two-dimensional analysis. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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