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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Australian mulga ecosystems –13C and 15N natural abundances of biota components and their ecophysiological significance (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Samples of recently produced shoot material collected in winter/spring from common plant species of mulga vegetation in eastern and Western Australia were assayed for 13C and 15N natural abundance. 13C analyses showed only three of the 88 test species to exhibit C4 metabolism and only one of seven succulent species to be in CAM mode. Non-succulent winter ephemeral C3 species showed significantly lower mean δ13C values (– 28·0‰) than corresponding C3-type herbaceous perennials, woody shrubs or trees (– 26·9, – 25·7 and – 26·2‰, respectively), suggesting lower water stress and poorer water use efficiency in carbon acquisition by the former than latter groups of taxa. Corresponding values for δ15N of the above growth and life forms lay within the range 7·5–15·5‰. δ15N of soil NH4+ (mean 19·6‰) at a soft mulga site in Western Australia was considerably higher than that of NO3– (4·3‰). Shoot dry matter of Acacia spp. exhibited mean δ15N values (9·10 ± 0·6‰) identical to those of 37 companion non-N2-fixing woody shrubs and trees (9·06 ± 0·5‰). These data, with no evidence of nodulation, suggested little or no input of fixed N2 by the legumes in question. However, two acacias and two papilionoid legumes from a dune of wind-blown, heavily leached sand bordering a lake in mulga in Western Australia recorded δ15N values in the range 2·0–3·0‰ versus 6·4–10·7‰ for associated non-N2-fixing taxa. These differences in δ15N, and prolific nodulation of the legumes, indicated symbiotic inputs of fixed N in this unusual situation. δ15N signals of lichens, termites, ants and grasshoppers from mulga of Western Australia provided evidence of N2 fixation in certain termite colonies and by a cyanobacteria-containing species of lichen. Data are discussed in relation to earlier evidence of nitrophily and water availability constraints on nitrate utilization by mulga vegetation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00359.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of parasitism by a mistletoe on the structure and functioning of branches of its host (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Infestation of Acacia acuminata by the xylem-tapping mistletoe Amyema preissii invariably results in inhibition of growth, defoliation and eventual death of host branch parts distal to the mistletoe. Branch sectional areas proximal (P) and distal (D) to mistletoes are used to classify stages of parasitism, with P:D area ratios of 5–6 invariably associated with distal branch senescence. As monopolization of the branch proceeds, mistletoe leaf area increases in parallel with declining host foliage area, and the specific hydraulic conductivity of distal host wood declines sharply relative to that of proximal wood, mineral composition and concentrations of nitrogenous solutes in xylem sap are at no stage appreciably different from those of proximal wood. After the demise of the distal branch parts, the transectional area of the host branch stump increases linearly with increasing mistletoe leaf area, the branch area supporting a unit of mistletoe leaf area always being about 3 times greater than that supporting a unit of host foliage area on unparasitized branches. This differential, compounded with high transpiration rates and selective uptake of host xylem solutes by the haustorium, fosters substantial mineral enrichment of the mistletoe relative to its host. The study provides a background for future investigation of possible cellular mechanisms continuously driving structural and functional changes in favour of the mistletoe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00385.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the ecosystem mimic concept to the species-rich Banksia woodlands of Western Australia (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 45 (1999), S. 303-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: life form ; net primary productivity ; phenology ; rooting patterns ; trophic specialisations ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This article describes the structure and functioning of a natural Banksia woodland at Moora, Western Australia. Species are first grouped in terms of growth form, root morphology, phenology and nutrient acquisition strategy. Above- and belowground standing biomass of a woodland is measured and its net annual primary production per unit rainfall compared with that of adjacent crops and plantings of the tree tagasaste. Information on seasonal water use and nutrient cycling in the dominant tree species Banksia prionotes is used to highlight the pivotal role of deep rooted summer growing trees in the maintenance of sustainability of the system. The article then addresses how one might select species mixtures as functionally effective analogues of the woodland. Assuming the mimic system replaces cleared virgin woodland not previously subject to runoff of water and nutrients from agriculture, a selection procedure would incorporate native flora representing (a) summer-growing deep- rooted and winter-growing shallow-rooted trees and shrubs, (b) herbaceous ground cover species, (c) fire resistant and fire sensitive species, and (d) a range of complementary nutrient uptake strategies. Assuming the mimic is designed to rehabilitate agricultural land experiencing rising water tables and nitrate pollution of ground water, incorporation of fast growing deep rooted exotic trees or herbaceous perennials is recommended alongside conventional annual crops or pastures, with appropriate nutrient stripping through removal of biomass. Difficulties in this context are scale of planting required and current lack of profitable incentives for planting and maintenance of perennials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006218310248
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nitrogen supply from soils and insects during growth of the pitcher plants Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 112 (1997), S. 464-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Carnivorous plants ; Pitcher plants ; Insect nitrogen ; Nitrogen partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the nitrogen (N) acquisition from soil and insect capture during the growth of three species of pitcher plants, Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica. 15N/14N natural abundance ratios (δ15N) of plants and pitchers of different age, non-carnivorous reference plants, and insect prey were used to estimate proportional contributions of insects to the N content of leaves and whole plants. Young Nepenthes leaves (phyllodes) carrying closed pitchers comprised major sinks for N and developed mainly from insect N captured elsewhere on the plant. Their δ15N values of up to 7.2‰ were higher than the average δ15N value of captured insects (mean δ15N value = 5.3‰). In leaves carrying old pitchers that are acting as a N source, the δ15N decreased to 3.0‰ indicating either an increasing contribution of soil N to those plant parts which in fact captured the insects or N gain from N2 fixation by microorganisms which may exist in old pitchers. The δ15N value of N in water collected from old pitchers was 1.2‰ and contained free amino acids. The fraction of insect N in young and old pitchers and their associated leaves decreased from 1.0 to 0.3 mg g−1. This fraction decreased further with the size of the investigated tiller. Nepenthes contained on average 61.5 ± 7.6% (mean ± SD, range 50–71%) insect N based on the N content of a whole tiller. In the absence of suitable non-carnivorous reference plants for Cephalotus, δ15N values were assessed across a developmental sequence from young plants lacking pitchers to large adults with up to 38 pitchers. The data indicated dependence on soil N until 4 pitchers had opened. Beyond that stage, plant size increased with the number of catching pitchers but the fraction of soil N remained high. Large Cephalotus plants were estimated to derive 26 ± 5.9% (mean ± SD of the three largest plants; range: 19–30%) of the N from insects. In Cephalotus we observed an increased δ15N value in sink versus source pitchers of about 1.2‰ on average. Source and sink pitchers of Darlingtonia had a similar δ15N value, but plant N in this species showed δ15N signals closer to that of insect N than in either Cephalotus or Nepenthes. Insect N contributed 76.4 ± 8.4% (range 57–90%) to total pitcher N content. The data suggest complex patterns of partitioning of insect and soil-derived N between source and sink regions in pitcher plants and possibly higher dependence on insect N than recorded elsewhere for Drosera species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050333
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterotrophic gain of carbon from hosts by the xylem-tapping root hemiparasite Olax phyllanthi (Olacaceae) (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 105 (1996), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Root hemiparasite ; Xylem transport ; Heterotrophy for carbon ; Host-parasite relationships ; Carbon isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heterotrophic gains of carbon from various host species by the root hemiparasitic shrub Olax phyllanthi (Labill) R.Br. were assessed using techniques based on carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C) on C3 and C4 hosts and C:N ratios of xylem sap and dry matter of host and parasite. Heterotrophic benefits (H) to Olax based on δ13C values were 30% and 19% from two nonnative C4 hosts (Portulaca oleracea and Amaranthus caudatus respectively) compared with 13% and 15% from these hosts when computed on the basis of C:N ratios of host xylem sap and C and N increments of Olax dry matter. Nitrate was the source of N available to pot cultures of the above species and estimates based on C:N ratios assumed that all N accumulated by Olax had come from nitrate absorbed by the host. Equivalent estimates of H for Olax, grown in nitrogen-free pot culture with the native N2-fixing host Acacia littorea as its sole source of N, indicated 63% and 51% dependence on host carbon when assessed in terms of xylem sap composition of host parasite respectively. Comparisons of xylem sap solutes of Olax and a range of partner hosts indicated marked selectivity in haustorial uptake and transfer of nitrate, amino compounds, organic acids and sugars. Possible implications of variations between hosts in absolute levels of C and inorganic and organic forms of N in xylem are discussed in relation to evidence of much better growth performance of Olax on Acacia littorea and other N2-fixing legumes than on non-fixers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328740
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimates of seasonal nitrogen fixation of annual subterranean clover-based pastures using the15N natural abundance technique (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: competition ; crop rotation ; farming systems ; ley farming ; soil nitrogen ; Trifolium subterraneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Annual pasture legumes play a key role in ley farming systems of southern Australia, providing biologically fixed nitrogen (N) to drive the production of the pastures as well as subsequent crops grown in rotation. Seasonal inputs of biologically fixed N in shoot biomass of the subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) component of grazed annual pastures were assessed using the15N natural abundance technique and appropriately timed sampling of herbage dry matter (DM) for N accumulation. At three study sites spanning a gradient across the Western Australian wheatbelt from 300 to 600 mm annual rainfall the performance of the clover and non-legume herbs and grasses was examined as paired comparisons involving two management treatments expected to give contrasting effects on pasture productivity, botanical composition and N2 fixation. The proportion of clover N derived from atmospheric N2 fixation (%Ndfa) ranged from 65 to 95% across sites, treatments and sampling times. Amounts of fixed N accumulated in clover shoot biomass ranged from 50 to 125 kg ha−1, and paralleled trends in clover production. Substantial increases in pasture production in high yielding treatments generally occurred without decrease in %Ndfa, suggesting that N2 fixation was essentially non-limiting to performance of the clover component. Seasonal profiles for accumulation of fixed N were skewed towards the late winter and spring period, particularly in low plant density pastures following a cereal crop. There were seasonal, site and treatment-specific effects on the proportion of clover and non-legume pasture components and consequently clover yield and N2 fixation were variably affected by competition from non-legume species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02413010
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing the performance of woody plants in uptake and utilisation of carbon, water and nutrients: Implications for designing agricultural mimic systems (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 45 (1999), S. 245-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: carbon assimilation ; nutrient transport ; resource utilisation ; stable isotope techniques ; water-use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This article introduces a series of innovative experimental approaches for monitoring current and past performances of woody plant species in utilisation of key resources within ecosystems. We demonstrate how such information might be useful for monitoring the progress of any novel agricultural system which attempts to mimic such natural systems. The experimental data presented principally involve the use of stable isotope techniques coupled to collection and analysis of substances transported in the sap of xylem and phloem. Study species examined are sugar maple (Acer saccharum), tagasaste (Chamaecytisus proliferus), blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus), and acorn banksia (Banksia prionotes). Topics covered include investigations of (a) seasonal changes in water source utilisation using hydrogen stable isotope analyses, (b) water loss from tree roots to the surrounding soil (termed hydraulic lift) using hydrogen stable isotope analyses, (c) relationships between carbon isotope discrimination of plant dry matter and whole-plant water-use efficiency, (d) phloem sap analysis as a means for assessing aspects of a plant's water and nutrient status, (e) carbon isotope ratios of foliage and annual growth rings as they relate to seasonal changes in carbon isotope ratios of phloem translocate, and (f) the composition of simultaneously collected samples of xylem and phloem sap as a means of monitoring current plant performance in uptake and mobilisation of key mineral resources. The chapter concludes with discussion of prospective uses of the above- mentioned techniques in study of managed ecosystems in which woody species play pivotal roles in maintenance of functional stability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006210109339
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 45 (1999), S. 7-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006263202070
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What can agriculture learn from natural ecosystems? (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 45 (1999), S. 425-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006293520726
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  • 10
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    Estimates of seasonal nitrogen fixation of annual subterranean clover-based pastures using the15N natural abundance technique (1995)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-079X
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5036
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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